AP1: CD Flashcards by S F

MCQ: Which term refers to the sequence of molecular, biochemical, and cellular events that lead to the development of a disease?
A. Aetiology
B. Pathogenesis
C. Morphology
D. Clinical Consequences

B. Pathogenesis

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Fill in the blank: The origin or initiating cause of a disease, including underlying causes and modifying factors, is known as ______.

Aetiology

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FFQ: What is the difference between morphologic changes and clinical consequences in the context of disease development?

Morphologic changes are structural alterations in cells or tissues characteristic of a disease, while clinical consequences are the signs and symptoms that arise from those genetic, biochemical, and structural changes.

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MCQ: A cell constantly adjusting its structure and function to accommodate changing demands and maintain a steady state is in a process called:
A. Adaptation
B. Necrosis
C. Homeostasis
D. Pathogenesis

C. Homeostasis

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MRQ: Which of the following are potential causes of Hypoxia?
A. Reduced blood flow (Ischemia)
B. Cardiorespiratory failure
C. Severe blood loss
D. Exposure to radiation

A, B, C

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FFQ: Explain how cells react differently when adaptive capabilities are exceeded versus when they are met.

If stress is manageable, cells adapt to reach a new steady state. If adaptive capacity is exceeded or the stress is harmful, cell injury occurs, which may be reversible initially but becomes irreversible if severe or persistent.

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MCQ: Which genetic derangement is characterized by a single base pair substitution leading to a specific clinical phenotype?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Cystic Fibrosis
C. Sickle Cell Anaemia
D. Diabetes

C. Sickle Cell Anaemia

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Fill in the blank: Genetic defects may cause cell injury through the accumulation of ______ proteins or damaged DNA.

Misfolded

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MRQ: What are the four principal targets of cell injury?
A. Mitochondria
B. Cell membranes
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. DNA

A, B, C, D

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FFQ: Briefly explain the three principles that determine the cellular response to an injurious stimulus.

-Depends on nature, duration and severity of injury
-The type and adaptability of the cell
-The fact that a single stimulus may simultaneously trigger multiple interconnected damaging mechanisms.

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MCQ: In ATP depletion, failure of the Na+/K+ pump directly leads to influx of:
A. Potassium and water
B. Sodium, calcium, and water
C. Lactic acid
D. Ribosomes

B. Sodium, calcium, and water

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Fill in the blank: During ATP depletion the cell switches to ______ glycolysis causing lactic acid accumulation.

Anaerobic

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MRQ: Consequences of decreased intracellular pH during cell injury?
A. Clumping of nuclear chromatin
B. Ribosome detachment
C. Increased enzyme activity
D. Membrane blebbing

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FFQ: Why does ATP depletion decrease protein synthesis?

ATP depletion causes ribosomes to detach from rough ER and polysomes to dissociate, halting protein synthesis.

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MCQ: Which is a macroscopic feature of cellular swelling?
A. Greasy texture
B. Increased weight
C. Dark red colour
D. Shrunken size

B. Increased weight

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Fill in the blank: Granular cytoplasm due to swollen organelles is called ______ swelling.

Cloudy

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FFQ: Describe hydropic change.

Small clear cytoplasmic vacuoles representing distended ER due to water influx.

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MCQ: Loss of surface specializations in proximal tubule during early injury refers to:
A. Chromatin clumping
B. Loss of microvilli
C. Mitochondrial condensation
D. Ribosome attachment

B. Loss of microvilli

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MRQ: Organs prone to fatty change?
A. Liver
B. Brain
C. Heart
D. Kidney

A, C, D

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MCQ: In macrovesicular steatosis what happens to the hepatocyte nucleus?
A. Pyknosis
B. Pushed to the side
C. Fragmentation
D. Disappears

B. Pushed to the side

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Fill in the blank: Large, eosinophilic hyaline inclusions found in plasma cells that consist of immunoglobulins are called ______.

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Russell bodies

FFQ: What is Mallory’s hyaline and where is it found?

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Mallory’s hyaline is an irregular network of eosinophilic material in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, consisting of accumulated intermediate filaments

MCQ: Which type of protein accumulation is seen in the proximal renal tubules of patients with proteinuria?
Options:
A. Russell bodies
B. Mallory’s hyaline
C. Hyaline droplets
D. Glycogen vacuoles

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C. Hyaline droplets

Fill in the blank: The loss of cytoplasmic RNA and denatured proteins in necrotic cells causes them to show increased ______, appearing more pink under H&E stain.

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Eosinophilia

MRQ: Identify the three patterns of nuclear changes seen in necrosis. Options: A. Pyknosis B. Karyolysis C. Karyorrhexis D. Autophagy

A, B, C

MCQ Question: Which nuclear change is defined as the fragmentation of a shrunken, basophilic nucleus? Options: A. Karyolysis B. Pyknosis C. Karyorrhexis D. Apoptosis

C. Karyorrhexis

FFQ Question: Contrast the state of the plasma membrane in Necrosis versus Apoptosis.

In Necrosis, the plasma membrane is disrupted and broken, allowing cellular contents to leak out. In Apoptosis, the membrane remains intact but with an altered structure, eventually forming apoptotic bodies

Fill in the blank Question: While Necrosis is invariably pathologic, Apoptosis is often ______ and serves as a means of eliminating unwanted cells.

Physiologic

MCQ Question: Which of the following is a common result of cell contents leaking into the extracellular space during necrosis? Options: A. Healing by regeneration B. Adjacent inflammation C. Homeostasis D. Protein synthesis

B. Adjacent inflammation

MRQ Question: Which of the following are examples of Physical Agents that cause cell injury? Options: A. Mechanical trauma B. Extremes of temperature C. Sudden changes in atmospheric pressure D. Electric shock

A, B, C, D

FFQ Question: How do simple chemicals like glucose or salt in hypertonic concentrations cause cell injury?

They can cause injury directly or by deranging the electrolyte balance within the cells, leading to osmotic stress

MCQ Question: Which morphological change is characterized by the appearance of "myelin figures" derived from damaged membranes? Options: A. Fatty change B. Reversible injury C. Apoptosis D. Karyolysis

B. Reversible injury

Fill in the blank Question: The macroscopic appearance of a fatty liver is described as pale yellow-brown, increased in size, and ______ on the cut surface.

Greasy

MCQ Question: What causes "Karyolysis"? Options: A. Condensation of chromatin B. Rupture of the plasma membrane C. Enzymatic degradation of DNA by endonucleases D. Lack of nutrient supply

Enzymatic degradation of DNA by endonucleases

FFQ Question: Why is a cell shrunken in Apoptosis but enlarged in Necrosis?

In Necrosis, failure of energy-dependent pumps leads to an influx of water and swelling. In Apoptosis, the cell undergoes a programmed condensation and fragmentation into bodies, leading to an overall reduction in size

Fill in the blank Question: Nutritional excesses, specifically an excess of ______, predisposes an individual to atherosclerosis.

Cholesterol

MRQ Question: Which of the following are mechanisms of Irreversible cell injury? Options: A. Severe mitochondrial damage B. Extensive plasma membrane damage C. Injury to lysosomal membranes D. Ribosome detachment

A, B, C

MCQ Question: Which intracellular system is damaged when "Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress" occurs? Options: A. ATP production B. Protein synthesis/folding C. DNA replication D. Waste removal

B. Protein synthesis/folding

FFQ Question: Define the term "Homeostasis" in the context of cellular pathology.

Homeostasis is the steady state where a cell actively interacts with its environment to adjust its structure and function to meet changing demands and extracellular stresses

Fill in the blank Question: In the early stages of ischemic injury in the kidney, surface ______ form and are extruded into the lumen of the tubule.

Blebs

MCQ Question: What is the primary functional consequence of mitochondrial damage? Options: A. Loss of genetic material B. Decrease in ATP C. Rupture of the cell wall D. Accumulation of fat

B. Decrease in ATP

MRQ Question: Which of the following are examples of Infectious Agents? Options: A. Rickettsiae B. Viruses C. Bacteria D. Arsenic

A, B, C

FFQ Question: Explain the pathogenesis of cell swelling due to hypoxia.

Hypoxia decreases oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to ATP depletion. This causes the Na+-K+ pump to fail, leading to an accumulation of intracellular sodium. Water follows the sodium into the cell by osmosis, causing it to swell

MCQ Question: Which term describes the macroscopic enlargement of the liver? Options: A. Steatosis B. Hepatomegaly C. Renomegaly D. Pyknosis

B. Hepatomegaly

Fill in the blank Question: The breakdown of the ______ membrane in irreversible injury leads to the leakage of enzymes that digest the cell.

Lysosomal

MCQ Question: Which pattern of nuclear change is the very first step in nuclear degradation during necrosis? Options: A. Karyolysis B. Karyorrhexis C. Pyknosis D. Blebbing

C. Pyknosis

FFQ Question: Why are immune reactions considered a "double-edged sword" in cell injury?

While they are essential for defending against pathogens, immune reactions can also cause significant cell injury through autoimmune diseases (reacting to self-antigens) or excessive reactions to external environmental substances

Fill in the blank Question: In clinical consequences, signs are observed by the clinician, while ______ are felt by the patient.

Symptoms

MRQ Question: Which of the following are features of Reversible cell injury? Options: A. Blebbing of the plasma membrane B. Karyolysis C. Cellular swelling D. Fatty change

A, C, D

FFQ Question: What is the "point of no return" in cell injury?

It is the transition from reversible to irreversible injury, where the cell is no longer able to re-establish homeostasis and is committed to cell death (necrosis or apoptosis)

AP1: CD Flashcards

(50 cards)