H4: Lu

Question 1

What is the primary functional purpose of the upper respiratory tract - A Provide massive surface area for gas exchange B Act as transport passages that warm and moisten air C Produce pulmonary surfactant D Facilitate diffusion of CO2 into blood

Answer 1

B Act as transport passages that warm and moisten air

Question 2

Most air conducting parts of the respiratory system are lined with ______ ______ epithelium known as respiratory type epithelium

Answer 2

pseudostratified columnar

Question 3

Which of the following are functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses - A Warming inhaled air B Moistening inhaled air C Trapping particulate matter D Direct gas exchange with pulmonary capillaries

Answer 3

A B and C

Question 4

Explain the histological significance of the submucosa in nasal and sinus cavities regarding air preparation

Answer 4

The submucosa is highly vascular which warms inhaled air and contains serous and mucus glands that moisten air and trap particles

Question 5

An increase in which immune cell type in the lamina propria is characteristic of allergic rhinitis - A Neutrophils B Lymphocytes C Eosinophils D Plasma cells

Answer 5

C Eosinophils

Question 6

The paranasal sinuses influence the nature of ______ produced in speech and song

Answer 6

sound

Question 7

Where are the nasopharyngeal tonsils also called adenoids located - A Roof of nasal cavity B Nasopharyngeal submucosa C Anterior surface of epiglottis D Paries membranaceous

Answer 7

B Nasopharyngeal submucosa

Question 8

The ______ ______ is the specialized region in the roof of the nasal cavity responsible for smell

Answer 8

olfactory mucosa

Question 9

Which cell types are found in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the olfactory mucosa - A Olfactory receptor cells B Sustentacular cells C Goblet cells D Basal cells

Answer 9

A B and D

Question 10

Describe the role of Bowmans glands in the olfactory system

Answer 10

They secrete a serous fluid that dissolves odor molecules allowing them to be detected by olfactory receptor cells

Question 11

Olfactory receptor cells are classified histologically as which type of neuron - A Multipolar B Bipolar C Pseudounipolar D Simple squamous

Answer 11

B Bipolar neurons

Question 12

In the olfactory mucosa nuclei of ______ cells lie closest to the lumen and nuclei of ______ cells lie closest to the basement membrane

Answer 12

sustentacular and basal

Question 13

Which structure prevents food or fluid from entering the trachea during swallowing - A Paries membranaceous B Vocal cords C Epiglottis D Nasopharynx

Answer 13

C Epiglottis

Question 14

Contrast the epithelial lining of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the epiglottis

Answer 14

Anterior surface has stratified squamous epithelium while posterior surface transitions from stratified squamous to ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Question 15

The central structural skeleton of the epiglottis consists of - A Hyaline cartilage B Fibrocartilage C Elastic cartilage D Bone

Answer 15

C Elastic cartilage

Question 16

The trachea contains ______ to ______ incomplete cartilage rings preventing airway collapse

Answer 16

15 to 20

Question 17

Which features characterize the posterior narrow strip called paries membranaceous of the trachea - A Absence of cartilage B Presence of trachealis muscle C Fibrocollagenous tissue D Hyaline cartilage rings

Answer 17

A B and C

Question 18

Describe the histological layers of the bronchi

Answer 18

Bronchi have pseudostratified columnar epithelium subepithelial connective tissue with glands smooth muscle elastic fibers and partial cartilage plates

Question 19

At what point does the conducting airway system enter the lung - A Carina B Hilum C Alveolar duct D Respiratory bronchiole

Answer 19

B Hilum

Question 20

The smallest conducting airways lacking cartilage and relying on smooth muscle walls are the ______

Answer 20

bronchioles

Question 21

Which cell types occur within the bronchial tree - A Ciliated columnar cells B Neuroendocrine cells C Goblet cells D Type 1 pneumocytes

Answer 21

A B and C

Question 22

Explain the transition from terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles

Answer 22

Terminal bronchioles conduct air only while respiratory bronchioles begin the gas exchange region and contain cuboidal epithelium and alveoli

Question 23

What is the main site of gas exchange in the lungs - A Segmental bronchi B Alveolar ducts C Alveoli D Terminal bronchioles

Answer 23

C Alveoli

Question 24

There are approximately ______ to ______ million alveoli in a single lung

Answer 24

150 to 400

Question 25

Which cell type forms the air blood barrier and makes up about forty percent of alveolar cells - A Type 1 pneumocytes B Type 2 pneumocytes C Alveolar macrophages D Endothelial cells

Answer 25

A Type 1 pneumocytes

Question 26

Which characteristics describe Type 1 pneumocytes - A Flat cells with flattened nuclei B Very thin cytoplasm C Round dark nuclei D Tight junctions

Answer 26

A B and D

Question 27

Type 2 pneumocytes make up about ______ percent of alveolar cells and produce ______ ______

Answer 27

60 and pulmonary surfactant

Question 28

Describe the appearance and function of alveolar macrophages also called dust cells

Answer 28

They patrol alveolar spaces and septa phagocytosing debris microorganisms and excess surfactant

Question 29

Gas exchange occurs as oxygen diffuses from the alveolar cavity into blood in the - A Bronchial artery B Alveolar capillary C Pulmonary vein D Lymphatic vessel

Answer 29

B Alveolar capillary

Question 30

During gas exchange the ______ membrane fuses with the ______ wall facilitating diffusion

Answer 30

capillary and alveolar

Question 31

The outer surface of the lung is covered by the - A Parietal pleura B Visceral pleura C Mesothelial stroma D Endothoracic fascia

Answer 31

B Visceral pleura

Question 32

Which layers form the visceral pleura - A Mesothelial cell layer B External elastic layer C Interstitial layer with vessels and lymphatics D Hyaline cartilage

Answer 32

A B and C

Question 33

Explain the clinical significance of the highly vascular submucosa in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 33

It warms inhaled air and in allergic rhinitis becomes inflamed and infiltrated with eosinophils

Question 34

Which bronchial cell type secretes mucus - A Basal cells B Neuroendocrine cells C Goblet cells D Intermediate cells

Answer 34

C Goblet cells

Question 35

The ______ ______ of the larynx are responsible for sound production

Answer 35

true vocal cords

Question 36

What are the primary functions of the laryngeal region - A Prevent air entering oesophagus B Prevent food entering trachea C Allow sound production D Produce surfactant

Answer 36

A B and C

Question 37

Compare cartilage structure of trachea and bronchi

Answer 37

Trachea has C shaped hyaline cartilage rings while bronchi have irregular cartilage plates that decrease with airway size

Question 38

Which pleural layer contains nerves blood vessels and lymphatics - A Mesothelial layer B External elastic layer C Interstitial layer D Internal elastic layer

Answer 38

C Interstitial layer

Question 39

Respiratory bronchioles merge into ______ ______ which terminate in alveolar sacs

Answer 39

alveolar ducts

Question 40

Which alveolar cell type is rounder has dark nucleus and is more numerous - A Type 1 pneumocyte B Type 2 pneumocyte C Alveolar macrophage D Goblet cell

Answer 40

B Type 2 pneumocyte