H2: Li

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of hepatocytes - A Bile synthesis and secretion B Synthesis of digestive enzymes like amylase C Conjugation and elimination of toxins D Storage of vitamins

Answer 1

B. Synthesis of digestive enzymes like amylase

Question 2

The liver is structurally divided into ______ which are often hexagonal in cross section

Answer 2

Lobules

Question 3

Which of the following are components of the dual blood supply to the liver - A Hepatic artery B Hepatic vein C Hepatic portal vein D Central vein

Answer 3

A and C

Question 4

Describe the microscopic appearance of a typical hepatocyte

Answer 4

Polyhedral cell with organelle rich cytoplasm and large central nucleus often binucleate

Question 5

Which specialized liver cell is responsible for phagocytosis within the sinusoids - A Stellate cell B Hepatocyte C Kupffer cell D Endothelial cell

Answer 5

C Kupffer cell

Question 6

The ______ is the site of material transfer between blood filled sinusoids and hepatocytes

Answer 6

Space of Disse

Question 7

What are the three distinct surfaces of a hepatocyte - A Sinusoidal surface B Apical surface C Canalicular surface D Intercellular surface

Answer 7

A C and D

Question 8

Explain the structural difference between the Classic Liver Lobule and the Liver Acinus

Answer 8

Classic lobule is hexagonal with a central vein while the acinus is a diamond shaped functional unit based on blood flow gradients

Question 9

Which zone of the liver acinus is closest to the portal triad - A Zone 1 B Zone 2 C Zone 3 D Central zone

Answer 9

A Zone 1

Question 10

The portal triad consists of a branch of the hepatic artery a branch of the portal vein and a ______

Answer 10

Bile ductule

Question 11

Which metabolic processes are associated with Zone 1 - A Glycolysis B Gluconeogenesis C Protein synthesis D Oxidative metabolism

Answer 11

B C and D

Question 12

Why is Zone 3 particularly vulnerable to ischemic necrosis

Answer 12

It is farthest from the portal triad blood supply and receives the least oxygen

Question 13

Which structure is located in the center of the Classic Liver Lobule - A Portal triad B Central vein C Hepatic artery D Bile duct

Answer 13

B Central vein

Question 14

The sinusoidal endothelium in the liver is ______

Answer 14

Fenestrated

Question 15

Which processes occur mainly in Zone 3 of the acinus - A Detoxification B Drug metabolism C Lipogenesis D Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 15

A B and C

Question 16

Describe the clinical relevance of Zone 1 location regarding toxins

Answer 16

Zone 1 receives blood first from portal triads so toxins affect this region first

Question 17

What epithelium lines bile ductules in a portal triad - A Simple squamous B Stratified squamous C Simple cuboidal D Transitional

Answer 17

C Simple cuboidal

Question 18

______ cells in the space of Disse store vitamin A and produce collagen during liver injury

Answer 18

Stellate cells

Question 19

In the Liver Acinus model what structures form the poles of the unit - A Central veins B Portal triads C Hepatic arteries D Bile canaliculi

Answer 19

A and B

Question 20

What is the significance of microvilli on hepatocyte sinusoidal surfaces

Answer 20

They increase surface area for exchange of nutrients and metabolites between blood and hepatocytes

Question 21

Blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery mixes and flows into which structure - A Central vein B Hepatic vein C Sinusoids D Bile canaliculi

Answer 21

C Sinusoids

Question 22

The liver is covered externally by a thin connective tissue layer called ______

Answer 22

Glissons capsule

Question 23

Which factors contribute to eosinophilia of hepatocyte cytoplasm - A Many mitochondria B Abundant smooth ER C Glycogen stores D Bile pigments

Answer 23

A B and C

Question 24

How does the liver excrete bilirubin

Answer 24

Hepatocytes take up bilirubin conjugate it and secrete it into bile canaliculi

Question 25

Which model is best for understanding metabolic gradients in the liver - A Classic lobule B Portal lobule C Liver acinus D Hepatic segment

Answer 25

C Liver acinus

Question 26

In the classic lobule hepatocyte plates radiate from the central vein toward the ______

Answer 26

Periphery or portal triads

Question 27

Which are consequences of Zone 3 metabolism - A Drug toxicity B Fat accumulation C Highest protein synthesis D Congestion in heart failure

Answer 27

A B and D

Question 28

Define the intercellular surface of hepatocytes

Answer 28

It is the plasma membrane between adjacent hepatocytes used for adhesion and communication

Question 29

Cirrhosis is characterized primarily by which process - A Acute bile duct inflammation B Scarring and architectural distortion C Kupffer cell hypertrophy D Excess bile production

Answer 29

B Scarring and architectural distortion

Question 30

The largest structure in a portal triad is usually the ______

Answer 30

Branch of the portal vein

Question 31

Which structures drain into the central vein - A Sinusoids B Bile canaliculi C Portal venules D Hepatic arterioles

Answer 31

A Sinusoids

Question 32

Explain the relationship between the portal vein and the digestive tract

Answer 32

It carries nutrient rich blood from intestines and spleen to the liver for metabolism and detoxification

Question 33

Which zone is intermediate metabolically - A Zone 1 B Zone 2 C Zone 3 D Nodal zone

Answer 33

B Zone 2

Question 34

Bile canaliculi are formed by the ______ of adjacent hepatocytes

Answer 34

Plasma membranes

Question 35

Which are clues for identifying a portal triad histologically - A Thick artery wall B Cuboidal ductule C Large thin vein D Located centrally

Answer 35

A B and C

Question 36

What is the oxygen gradient in the liver acinus

Answer 36

Oxygen decreases from Zone 1 toward Zone 3 as blood flows toward the central vein

Question 37

Hepatitis C infection commonly leads to which condition - A Gallbladder failure B Liver cirrhosis C Increased vitamin storage D Decreased Kupffer cells

Answer 37

B Liver cirrhosis

Question 38

The ______ is a terminal hepatic venule draining into hepatic veins

Answer 38

Central vein

Question 39

Which organelles are abundant in hepatocytes - A Golgi apparatus B Peroxisomes C Lysosomes D Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 39

A B C and D

Question 40

How does congestive heart failure affect the liver histologically

Answer 40

Blood backs up into central veins causing centrilobular congestion and hypoxia in Zone 3

Question 41

Which hepatocyte surface secretes bile - A Sinusoidal surface B Canalicular surface C Intercellular surface D Basal surface

Answer 41

B Canalicular surface

Question 42

Blood in the liver is exposed to a ______ surface area of hepatocytes

Answer 42

Large

Question 43

Which statements about the Liver Acinus are true - A Diamond shaped B Focuses on blood flow C Best structural model D Defines metabolic zones

Answer 43

A B and D

Question 44

Describe bile flow from hepatocyte to intestine

Answer 44

Bile canaliculi then bile ductules then hepatic ducts then common bile duct then duodenum

Question 45

A binucleate liver cell is most likely which cell type - A Kupffer cell B Endothelial cell C Hepatocyte D Stellate cell

Answer 45

C Hepatocyte