AP4: Inf

Question 1

Inflammation is a response of ______ tissues to infections and damaged tissues that brings host defence cells and molecules from circulation to sites of injury

Answer 1

Vascularized

Question 2

Which term describes microbial substances present in blood without host defence response - A Septicaemia B Pyaemia C Bacteraemia D Septic shock

Answer 2

C Bacteraemia

Question 3

Define septicaemia and distinguish it from pyaemia

Answer 3

Septicaemia is systemic disease caused by bacteria in blood with organ damage while pyaemia is sepsis with widespread metastatic abscesses usually from pus forming bacteria

Question 4

Which of the following are cardinal signs of acute inflammation - A Rubor redness B Rigors shaking C Calor heat D Functio laesa loss of function E Tumour swelling

Answer 4

A C D E

Question 5

Acute inflammation typically develops over what time period - A Seconds to minutes B Minutes to hours C Days to weeks D Months to years

Answer 5

B Minutes to hours

Question 6

Vasodilation in acute inflammation is mainly induced by mediators such as ______ and nitric oxide

Answer 6

Histamine

Question 7

Explain the mechanism of increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation

Answer 7

Endothelial cell contraction forms inter endothelial gaps allowing plasma proteins and fluid to escape into tissues often triggered by histamine or direct endothelial injury

Question 8

Which of the following are primary causes of inflammation - A Tissue necrosis B Foreign bodies C Homeostasis D Immune reactions

Answer 8

A B D

Question 9

Which molecule mediates the rolling step of leucocyte migration - A Integrins B PECAM 1 C Selectins D ICAM 1

Answer 9

C Selectins

Question 10

The step where leucocytes pass between endothelial cells into tissues is called transmigration and is mediated by ______

Answer 10

PECAM 1 CD31

Question 11

Which cells are the main responders during acute inflammation - A Macrophages B Lymphocytes C Neutrophils D Plasma cells

Answer 11

C Neutrophils

Question 12

Outline the six steps of leucocyte recruitment to a site of injury

Answer 12

Margination rolling adhesion transmigration chemotaxis toward stimulus and activation to destroy pathogens

Question 13

Serous inflammation is characterized by which feature - A Pus formation B Exudation of cell poor fluid C Fibrin deposition D Necrotic debris

Answer 13

B Exudation of cell poor fluid

Question 14

A fibrinous exudate forms when vascular leakage allows ______ to leave the bloodstream

Answer 14

Fibrinogen

Question 15

A localized collection of purulent inflammatory tissue within a confined space is called a - A Effusion B Ulcer C Abscess D Ghon focus

Answer 15

C Abscess

Question 16

Define an ulcer and identify common sites

Answer 16

An ulcer is a local defect produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue commonly occurring in mucosa of mouth stomach intestines genitourinary tract or skin

Question 17

Which are possible outcomes of acute inflammation - A Resolution B Healing by fibrosis C Transformation to neoplasm D Progression to chronic inflammation

Answer 17

A B D

Question 18

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response where inflammation tissue injury and ______ occur together

Answer 18

Attempts at repair

Question 19

Which cells dominate the infiltrate in chronic inflammation - A Neutrophils B Mononuclear cells C Eosinophils D Platelets

Answer 19

B Mononuclear cells

Question 20

Which are causes of chronic inflammation - A Persistent infections B Brief toxin exposure C Hypersensitivity disease D Atherosclerosis

Answer 20

A C D

Question 21

Describe the major morphological features of chronic inflammation

Answer 21

Mononuclear cell infiltration tissue destruction and attempts at healing through angiogenesis and fibrosis

Question 22

Which inflammation type features collections of activated macrophages called epithelioid cells - A Serous B Suppurative C Granulomatous D Fibrinous

Answer 22

C Granulomatous

Question 23

Granulomas formed around inert materials such as sutures or splinters are called ______ granulomas

Answer 23

Foreign body

Question 24

Which diseases can produce granulomatous inflammation - A Tuberculosis B Acute appendicitis C Leprosy D Crohn disease E Sarcoidosis

Answer 24

A C D E

Question 25

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium ______ ______

Answer 25

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 26

Primary tuberculosis typically forms a lesion in bronchial lymph nodes called a - A Abscess B Ghon focus C Gumma D Langhans cell

Answer 26

B Ghon focus

Question 27

What structures make up a Ghon complex

Answer 27

A pulmonary Ghon focus with involvement of regional hilar lymph nodes

Question 28

Secondary tuberculosis occurs due to reactivation of primary infection or ______

Answer 28

Re infection

Question 29

Which cytokines activate macrophages for killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis - A Histamine and nitric oxide B IFN gamma and TNF C IL 1 and IL 6 D Selectins and integrins

Answer 29

B IFN gamma and TNF

Question 30

Define miliary tuberculosis

Answer 30

Miliary TB is widespread dissemination of tuberculosis via blood to many organs producing numerous small millet seed nodules

Question 31

Which findings are typical in secondary pulmonary tuberculosis - A Cavitations in upper lobes B Skin blisters C Consolidation with caseous necrosis D Tuberculous empyema

Answer 31

A C D

Question 32

The multinucleated giant cells in tuberculous granulomas are called ______ type giant cells

Answer 32

Langhans

Question 33

Which necrosis type is typical in tuberculosis granulomas - A Liquefactive B Coagulative C Caseous D Fibrinoid

Answer 33

C Caseous necrosis

Question 34

Resistance to tuberculosis infection is accompanied by a positive ______ test

Answer 34

Tuberculin

Question 35

What are the main routes of tuberculosis spread - A Direct continuity B Spontaneous resolution C Lymphatic spread D Haematogenous spread

Answer 35

A C D

Question 36

Which stain identifies acid fast bacilli of Mycobacterium tuberculosis - A H and E B PAS C Ziehl Neelsen D Gram stain

Answer 36

C Ziehl Neelsen stain

Question 37

Why does secondary tuberculosis commonly affect upper lung lobes

Answer 37

Higher oxygen tension in upper lobes favors growth of the aerobic Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 38

Which are systemic effects of inflammation - A Fever B Increased pulse and blood pressure C Increased sweating D Rigors and chills

Answer 38

A B D

Question 39

Activated macrophages in granulomas that resemble epithelial cells are called ______ cells

Answer 39

Epithelioid

Question 40

Granulomatous inflammation in syphilis produces a lesion known as a - A Tubercle B Ghon focus C Gumma D Abscess

Answer 40

C Gumma