AP2: CA

Question 1

MCQ: Which defines the normal steady state where cells function under physiologic stress?
A Adaptation
B Homeostasis
C Pathogenesis
D Specialisation

Answer 1

B. Homeostasis

Question 2

Fill in the blank: When limits of adaptation are exceeded ______ occurs.

Answer 2

Cell injury

Question 3

FFQ: Describe the relationship between adaptation and cell injury.

Answer 3

Cells first adapt to stress to maintain function. If adaptation fails or stress is severe, cell injury occurs. Injury may be reversible initially but can become irreversible leading to necrosis or apoptosis.

Question 4

MCQ: Increase in number of cells is called:
A Hypertrophy
B Hyperplasia
C Metaplasia
D Dysplasia

Answer 4

B. Hyperplasia

Question 5

MRQ: Hyperplasia occurs in cells capable of:
A DNA synthesis
B Mitotic division
C Autophagy
D Protein degradation
E Cell division (mature cell)
F Differentiation (stem cell)

Answer 5

A, B,E,F

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Hyperplasia involves activation of ______ and growth factors like EGF PDGF and FGF. Gene amplification

Answer 6

Transcription factors

Question 7

FFQ: Difference between physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia.

Answer 7

Physiologic hyperplasia is controlled growth such as breast development or liver regeneration. Pathologic hyperplasia results from excessive hormones or growth signals and may predispose to cancer.

Question 8

MCQ: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is:
A Physiologic hyperplasia
B Pathologic hyperplasia
C Physiologic hypertrophy
D Pathologic hypertrophy

Answer 8

B. Pathologic hyperplasia

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Endometrial growth in menstrual cycle is ______ hyperplasia.

Answer 9

Physiologic

Question 10

MCQ: Increase in cell size due to synthesis of structural components is:
A Hyperplasia
B Hypertrophy
C Atrophy
D Metaplasia

Answer 10

B. Hypertrophy

Question 11

MRQ: Examples of physiologic hypertrophy:
A Skeletal muscle with exercise
B LV hypertrophy due to hypertension
C Pregnant uterus
D Atypical endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 11

A, B, C

Question 12

FFQ: Why does the heart undergo hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia?

Answer 12

Cardiac myocytes are terminally differentiated and cannot divide. Therefore they increase in size rather than number.

Question 13

MCQ: Systemic hypertension most often causes hypertrophy of:
A Right atrium
B Right ventricle
C Left atrium
D Left ventricle

Answer 13

D. Left ventricle

Question 14

Fill in the blank: Decrease in cell size and function due to loss of cell substance is ______.

Answer 14

Atrophy

Question 15

MCQ: Major pathway of protein degradation in atrophy:
A Krebs cycle
B Ubiquitin‑proteasome
C Glycolysis
D Caspase cascade

Answer 15

B. Ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway

Question 16

MRQ: Mechanisms in atrophy include:
A Autophagic vacuoles
B Gene amplification
C Protein degradation
D Increased synthesis

Answer 16

A, C

Question 17

FFQ: What is involution?

Answer 17

Physiologic atrophy after an organ’s function ends, e.g., uterus shrinking after childbirth.

Question 18

MCQ: Cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer disease shows:
A Widened gyri
B Narrowed gyri widened sulci
C Increased brain weight
D Cartilage

Answer 18

B. Narrowed gyri and widened sulci

Question 19

Fill in the blank: Aging‑related cardiac atrophy is called ______ atrophy.

Answer 19

Brown

Question 20

MRQ: Causes of pathologic atrophy:
A Loss of innervation
B Ischemia
C Malnutrition
D Increased demand

Answer 20

A, B, C

Question 21

MCQ: Congenital absence or narrowing of a passage is:
A Atrophy
B Atresia
C Aplasia
D Hypoplasia

Answer 21

B. Atresia

Question 22

Fill in the blank: Biliary atresia causes neonatal ______.

Answer 22

Jaundice

Question 23

FFQ: Define developmental dysplasia.

Answer 23

Congenital abnormal growth with disorganized tissue differentiation such as renal cystic dysplasia.

Question 24

MCQ: In renal hypoplasia the adrenal appears disc‑shaped because:
A Adrenal hypoplasia
B Kidney fails to indent it
C Hormone excess
D Tumor pressure

Answer 24

B. Kidney fails to indent it

Question 25

Fill in the blank: A hypoplastic organ shows ______ histology microscopically.

Answer 25

Normal

Question 26

FFQ: Define metaplasia.

Answer 26

Replacement of one mature cell type by another due to chronic irritation via stem cell reprogramming.

Question 27

MCQ: In smokers bronchial epithelium becomes: A Gastric mucosa B Stratified squamous epithelium C Transitional epithelium D Mesenchyme

Answer 27

B. Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 28

MRQ: Examples of epithelial metaplasia: A Barrett esophagus B Myositis ossificans C Cervical squamous metaplasia D Vitamin A deficiency airway change

Answer 28

A, C, D

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Bone formation in muscle after injury is ______.

Answer 29

Myositis ossificans

Question 30

FFQ: Why is metaplasia a double‑edged sword?

Answer 30

It protects tissue from stress but persistent stimuli may lead to dysplasia and eventually cancer.

Question 31

MCQ: Dysplasia is: A Increased cell size B Cell replacement C Disorganized growth D Cell shrinkage

Answer 31

C. Disorganized growth and abnormal differentiation

Question 32

MRQ: Features of dysplasia: A Nuclear enlargement B Hyperchromasia C Pleomorphism D Basement membrane invasion

Answer 32

A, B, C

Question 33

Fill in the blank: In dysplasia abnormal cells remain above the ______ membrane.

Answer 33

Basement

Question 34

MCQ: Dysplasia often follows: A Atrophy B Hypertrophy C Metaplasia D Involution

Answer 34

C. Metaplasia

Question 35

FFQ: Sites where metaplasia → dysplasia occurs.

Answer 35

Cervix, bronchial epithelium of smokers, and Barrett esophagus.

Question 36

MCQ: Failure of an organ to reach full size is: A Atrophy B Hypoplasia C Atresia D Dysplasia

Answer 36

B. Hypoplasia

Question 37

Fill in the blank: Enlarged glomeruli in hypoplastic kidney indicate ______.

Answer 37

Oligomeganephronia

Question 38

MRQ: Signals in stem cell reprogramming during metaplasia: A Transcription factors B Cytokines C Growth factors D ATP depletion

Answer 38

A, B, C

Question 39

FFQ: Features of congenital renal cystic dysplasia.

Answer 39

Disorganized kidney with cysts; microscopically shows cystic tubules, primitive mesenchyme and cartilage.

Question 40

MCQ: Example of physiologic atrophy in development: A Brain aging B Notochord disappearance C Limb immobilization D Endocrine loss

Answer 40

B. Notochord disappearance