Chamber quantification

Question 1

Define End-Diastole in the Echo Cardiac Cycle

Answer 1

-frame after MV closure

or

-frame with largest LV dimension/volume

Question 2

Define End-systole in the Echo Cardiac Cycle

Answer 2

-frame after AV closure

or

-frame with smallest LV dimension/volume

Question 3

Where should the LV end-diastolic dimension be measured?

Answer 3

• perpendicular to the LV long axis
• at or immediately below the mitral valve leaflet tips
• Prefer 2D instead of M-mode (will overestimate and obtain oblique measurements)

Question 4

What is the standard IVSd (cm) for men and women?

Answer 4

men: < 1.0cm
women: < 0.9cm

Question 5

What is the standard PWT (cm) for men/women?

Answer 5

• men: < 1.0 cm
• women: < 0.9cm

Question 6

What is IVSd?

Answer 6

interventricular septal end-diastolic dimension

Question 7

what is PWT?

Answer 7

posterior wall thickness

Question 8

What is LVIDd?

Answer 8

left ventricular internal diameter end-diastolic dimension

Question 9

what is LVIDs?

Answer 9

left ventricular internal diameter end-systolic dimension

Question 10

What is the standard measurement for LVIDd?

Answer 10

• men: < 5.8cm
• women: < 5.2cm

Question 11

What is the standard measurement for LVIDs?

Answer 11

• men: < 4.0cm
• women: < 3.5cm

Question 12

What is normal LVEF?

Answer 12

• men: > 52%
• women: > 54%

Question 13

What is normal LVEDd in males?

Severely abnormal?

Answer 13

• 4.2-5.8 cm
• > 6.8 cm

Question 14

What is the (males) normal LV diastolic volume index (mL/m²)?

Normal LV systolic volume index (mL/m²)?

Severely abnormal LV diastolic volume index (mL/m²)?

Answer 14

• < 74 mL/m²
• < 31 mL/m²
• > 100 mL/m²

Question 15

What is normal LVEDd in females?

Severely abnormal?

Answer 15

• 3.8-5.2 cm
• > 6.1 cm

Question 16

What is the (females) normal LV diastolic volume index (mL/m2)?

Normal LV systolic volume index (mL/m2)?

Severely abnormal LV diastolic volume index (mL/m2)?

Answer 16

• < 61 mL/m2
• < 24 mL/m2
• > 80 mL/m2

Question 17

How to calculate indexed measurements?

Answer 17

Indexed measurements = measurement / BSA

Question 18

56 year old female has LV mass of 98 g/m² and relative wall thickness of 0.38. What is her LV chamber geometry?

Answer 18

Eccentric hypertrophy

Question 19

Describe method for determining LV mass/LV mass index/Relative wall thickness

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the formula for RWT?

Answer 20

RWT = 2 x PWT / LVEDD

Question 21

What is the linear method (cube formula) for determining LV mass?

Answer 21

LV mass = 0.8 x 1.04 [(IVS + LVIDD + PWT)³ - LVIDD³] + 0.6g

**1.04 = specific gravity of myocardium

Question 22

What are the four stages of EKG changes in pericarditits?

Answer 22

1. widespread ST-elevation and PR depression with reciprocal changes in aVR (occurs during the first two weeks)
2. normalization of ST changes; generalized T wave flattening (1-3 weeks)
3. flatted T waves become inverted (3 - several weeks)
4. EKG returns to normal (several weeks-months)