1
Q
what is social science
A
- first impression and ways we think about causes of behaviours
- area of study that attempts to explain how actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences us
- influences on thoughts, feelings, behaviours
2
Q
what is the primacy effect
A
- overall impression of another
- influenced most by initial information we receive
3
Q
what are expectations
A
- once formed, our expectations affect how we perceive behaviour
4
Q
what is an attribution
A
- assign causes to explain behaviour
5
Q
what is situational attributions
A
- attribute behaviour to external cause
6
Q
what is dispositional attributions
A
- behaviour due to internal causes
7
Q
what is the actor-observe bias
A
- our issues due to situational factors; others’ issues due to internal personal factors
8
Q
what is the fundamental attribution error
A
- overemphasize interval underemphasizes external factors when explaining others
9
Q
what is self-serving bias
A
- our successes from internal or dispositional causes; our failures from situational causes
10
Q
what is proximity
A
- geographical closeness
11
Q
what is the mere-exposure effect
A
- more positive toward stimuli with repeated exposure
12
Q
what is reciprocal liking
A
- we like those who like us
13
Q
what is the halo effect
A
- attribution of other favourable qualities to attractive people
14
Q
what is similarity
A
- strong basis of attraction
15
Q
what is seen as more attractive body-wise
A
- symmetrical faces, bodies seen as more attractive, sexually appealing
16
Q
what is the matching hypothesis
A
- likely to be with someone similar
- more likely to end up with someone who is similar to ourselves in attractiveness and other assets
17
Q
what is mate selection
A
- mutual attraction and love
- dependable character; emotional stability and maturity
- pleasing disposition
18
Q
what are breakups before marriage usually due to
A
- inequality in the relationship
- age differences
- differences in educational goals
- intelligence differences
- physical appearance differences
19
Q
what are some other (less common) reasons for breaking up before marriage
A
- lack of commitment
- lack of self-disclosure
- low self-esteem
- low satisfaction with the relationship
20
Q
what is conformity
A
- changing behaviour or attitude to be consistent with norms, expectations of others
21
Q
what are norms
A
- standards of behaviour and attitudes expected of members of group
22
Q
what is Asch’s experiment
A
- majority of subjects in line experiment conformed to incorrect answers of majority
23
Q
what were issues with asch’s experiment
A
- only men
- too few trials
- too few participants
- ask participant first as a control
24
Q
more conformity studies reveal
A
- women no more likely to conform than men
- people of low status more likely to conform when with people of a higher status
- conformity is greater if source of influence is perceived as coming from one’s group
25
what was milgram's shock experiment
- subjects obey orders to give painful electric shocks to 'learners' who miss questions
- stress responses after
- no real shocks given
26
what is the foot-in-the-door technique
- agree to small requests, then likely agree later to larger requests
27
what is the door-in-the-face technique
- unreasonable request first, then likely to agree to smaller request later
28
what is the low-ball technique
- gain compliance with attractive initial offer, then make terms less favourable
29
what is social facilitation
- effect on performance (positive or negative) due to presence of others
30
what are the 2 types of social facilitation
1. audience effect = impact of passive spectators on performance
2. co-action effects = impact on performance caused by presence of others in the same task
31
what is social loafing
- tendency to exert less effort working with others than working alone
32
what is group polarization
- group discussion causes shift to more extreme position
33
what is groupthink
- decisions that are often reached by overly cohesive groups. often tight knit group will make poor decisions because more interested in maintaining group cohesion than doing right
34
how can we guard against groupthink
- encourage open discussion
| - at least one group member take the role of devil's advocate
35
what are roles
- behaviours considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a group
- the group is indispensable to human life
36
what are groups
- family, culture, racial, ethnic and religious
| - adults: social and professional groups
37
what was zimbardo's prison study
- 9 male university students arrested on a quiet Sunday morning to be guards or prisoners
- part of a social psychology study. all volunteers and all healthy psychologically
- two week experiment to be stopped after 6 days due to
- intensity of treatment being doled out
- risk of possible lasting psychological effects
38
what is attitude
- relatively stable evaluation of person, object, situation, issue
39
what is the cognitive component
- thoughts and beliefs about attitudinal object
40
what is the emotional component
- feelings toward attitudinal object
41
what is the behavioural component
- predisposition to act toward attitudinal object
42
how often does attitudes affect behaviour
- studies show attitude predicts behaviour only 10% of the time
43
how do we form our attitudes (2 things)
- first hand experiences: stronger and more resistant to change
- acquired vicariously: positive or negative attitudes expressed by family, friends, media
44
attitudes are better predictors of behaviour if the attitude is:
- strongly held
- easily accessible in memory
- vitally affects our interests
45
what is cognitive dissonance
- incompatibility between our beliefs and our actions or attitudes
- unpleasant state
- reduce dissonance by changing behaviour or attitude explaining away inconsistency, reducing its importance
46
what is persuasion
- influence attitudes, behaviour of another
| - part of work, social, family life
47
what are the 4 elements of persuasion
- source of communication: credibility, attractiveness and likability
- audience: people who are poorly informed on a subject are easier to persuade
- message: unemotional vs emotional
- medium: repetition can influence people
48
what is prejudice and discrimination based on
- based on gender, religion, race, membership in particular group
49
what is prejudice
- negative attitudes, beliefs, emotions related to gender, religion, race or membership to another group that can escalate into hatred
50
what is discrimination
- negative behaviour toward others based on gender, religion, race or membership to another group
51
what is the realistic conflict theory
- as competition increases, so do prejudice, discrimination, hatred among competing groups
52
what is in-group conflict
- social group, strong sense of togetherness, others excluded
53
what is out-group conflict
- social group identified by in-group as not belonging
54
what is the social learning theory
- we learn attitudes of prejudice and hatred often by modelling and reinforcement
- parents, peers, others reward children mimicking their own prejudices; children learn these prejudices quickly
- can learn to be non-prejudiced
55
what is social cognition
- plays role in prejudice
- way we process, notice, interpret, remember, apply information about social world
- simplifies, categorizes, order the world often through stereotypes
56
what are stereotypes
- widely shared beliefs about characteristics of members of various social groups
- symbolic beliefs that a group may threaten values, norms
- distortions of reality
57
what is education
- if learned can be unlearned
58
what is extending boundaries
- boundary lines are not externally fixed. can be extended to include out-groups = re-categorization which will reduce us vs them bias and prejudice
- 2003 nationally representative study found in general, Canadians are less prejudice today than years ago and less than USA and Britain
59
what is the contact hypothesis
- notion that prejudice can be reduced
- increased contact with members of different social groups; learn they not all alike
- education can help people unlearn prejudice
60
what is the bystander effect
- as number of bystanders at emergency increases, probability victim receives help decreases
- help likely delayed if given
61
what is diffusion of responsibIlity
- feeling among bystanders at emergency that responsibility for helping shared by group
- each individual less compelled to act than if one had total responsibility
- if other bystanders calm, might conclude nothing is wrong
62
what is prosocial behaviour
- behaviour that benefits others
| - helping, cooperation, sympathy
63
what is altruism
- behaviour aimed at helping others
| - requires some self-sacrifice, no reward expected
64
who receives prosocial behaviour most readily in cases on emergency
- physically attractive
- not considered responsible for your plight
- similar to ourselves
65
when are we most likely to engage in prosocial behaviour
- specialize training in first aid or police work
- not in a hurry
- exposed to a helpful model
- weather is good
66
what is aggression
- intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on another
- instinct theory = genetically programmed
- biological factors = genetics, level of arousal, testosterone
- twin and adoption studies suggest a genetic link for aggression and criminal behaviour
- genes may also cause sensitivity to models of aggressiveness
- low arousal level of automatic nervous system
67
what is frustration
- blocking of impulse or interference with attainment of goal
68
what is frustration-aggression hypothesis
- frustration produces aggression. even when feelings of frustration is justified, frustration can cause negative feelings
69
what is scapegoating
- displacing aggression onto innocent targets who were not responsible for the frustration
70
what is the social learning theory regarding aggression
- learn aggression by observing aggressive models (media too)
- aggressive responses are reinforced
- can result from sports
71
how do we learn to behave aggressively
- observing aggressive models
| - aggressive responses reinforced
72
how does the media affect aggression
- evidence overwhelmingly reveals a relationship between TV violence and viewer aggression
- research shows a correlation between playing violent video games and aggression
- stimulates physiological arousal
- lowers inhibition
- causes unpleasant feelings
- decreases sensitivity to violence, thereby making it more acceptable to people
73
what is sexual harassment
- loosely defined: SH lacks the elements of mutual choice found in normal relationships
- can be mild, moderate, severe
74
what to do about sexual harassment
1. maintain a strictly professional businesslike manner
2. do not be alone with the harasser
3. have a talk with the harasser
4. find support from others you can trust
5. file a formal complaint if the harasser refuses to stop
6. seek legal advice if all else fails
Social Science
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