1
Q
what is motivation
A
- initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiological or psychological needs
- all of the processes that initiate, direct and sustain behaviour
- can be either needs or desires that direct or energize our behaviour, when motives are internal they push us to act
- when motives are external (or outside of us) we call them incentives - they pull or entice us to act
2
Q
what are motives
A
- needs or desires that energize and direct behaviour toward a goal
3
Q
what are incentives
A
- external stimulus enticing us to act
4
Q
what is intrinsic motivation
A
- activities motivated without external rewards
- done for enjoyment
5
Q
what is extrinsic motivation
A
- activities to gain external reward or avoid undesirable consequence
6
Q
what is instinct theory
A
- motivated by innate, unlearned tendencies from genetics
7
Q
what is the drive reduction theory
A
- needs must be met to survive
- internal tension called a drive, motivated to reduce it
8
Q
what is homeostasis
A
- tendency of body to maintain balanced internal state
- balance body temperature, blood sugar, water, oxygen for survival
9
Q
what is the arousal theory
A
- we are motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal
10
Q
what are stimulus motives
A
- curiosity, exploration, play
- occur when arousal too low
11
Q
what is yerkes-dodson law
A
- performance on task best when arousal level appropriate to difficulty of task
- higher arousal for simple tasks
- moderate arousal for moderate tasks
- low arousal for difficult tasks
12
Q
what is sensory deprivation
A
- sensory stimulation reduced to minimum or eliminated
13
Q
what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
- range of human motivation
- motives at each level must be satisfied before higher ones considered
- physiological needs lowest
- self-actualization needs highest
14
Q
what are the 5 stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
- need for self actualization: need to realize ones fullest potential
- esteem needs: need to achieve, to gain competence, to gain respect and recognition from others
- belonging and love needs: need to love and be loved; need to affiliate with others and be accepted
- safety needs: need for safety and security
- physiological needs: need to satisfy the basic biological needs for food, water, oxygen, sleep and elimination of bodily wastes
15
Q
what are the 2 types of thirst
A
- extracellular thirst: body tissues lose fluids; perspiring, bleeding, vomiting
- intracellular thirst: loss of water from inside body cells (eat salty foods)
16
Q
what is hunger in the lateral hypothalamus
A
- activated, signals animal to eat
- destroyed, animal refuses to eat until it adapts
17
Q
what is hunger in the ventromedial hypothalamus
A
- satiety centre
- when active, inhibits eating
- if removed, experimental animals eat to gross obesity
18
Q
what are internal cues for hunger
A
- hunger when brain receives message blood glucose is low
- insulin from pancreas converts glucose into energy
- hormone cholecystokinin is satiety signal
19
Q
what are external cues for hunger
A
- external factors influence what, where, how much we eat
- sensory cues of taste, smell, appearance of food
- palatability of food tempts us
20
Q
what are some examples of eating disorders
A
- anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
21
Q
what is obesity
A
- excessive fatness, body mass index over 30
22
Q
when is higher hormone leptin produced
A
- higher body fat
23
Q
what is leptin
A
- a hormone that directly affects the feeding centres in the brain
24
Q
what does the lateral hypothalamus do
A
- excites eating
25
what is the ventromedial hypothalamus
- satiety centre
26
what is the stomach
- hunger pains and satiety signals
27
what are blood sugar levels
- low levels signals brain, high levels of regulated by insulin
28
what are external factors to hunger
- smell, taste, appearance of food, stress
29
what are other factors to hunger
- time -- quest for food at lunch time
30
what is the metabolic rate
- rate at which body burns calories to produce energy
31
what is the fat-cell theory
- fatness related to number of fat cells in the body
32
what is the set-point theory
- internal homeostatic system maintains set-point weight. the weight the body maintains when one is not trying to lose or gain weight. it is affected by fat cells and metabolic rate and influenced by genes
33
what are social motives
- learn or acquire through social and cultural experiences
| - needs to be with others (affiliation), power, achievement
34
what is the thematic apperception test (tat)
- series of pictures of ambiguous situations
35
what is the need for achievement
- need to accomplish something difficult
- need to overcome obstacles, attain high standard
- hope for success vs fear of failure
- motivation to avoid failure can cause us to work harder to achieve
36
what do high achievers do
- high achievers set realistic goals
| - high achievers use hard work, ability, determination, persistence
37
what do low achievers do
- low achievers not willing to take chances
| - low achievers set very low goals or impossibly high goals
38
what is the physical component of emotions
- physiological arousal that accompanies emotion
39
what is the cognitive component of emotions
- the way we perceive or interpret a stimulus or situation, determines our emotions
40
what is the behavioural component of emotions
- outward expression of emotions (facial expressions, gestures, body postures, and tone of voice)
41
what is the definition of emotion
- feeling state
- physiological arousal
- cognitive appraisal of situation arousing the state
- outward expression of state
42
what is the james-lange theory
- a theory of emotion
- event, physical response, emotion
- feel afraid because we tremble
43
what is the cannon-bard theory
- a theory of emotion
- feeling of emotion (eg fear) occurs at the same time as physiological arousal (eg pounding heart)
- one does not cause the other
44
what is the Schachter-singer theory
- a theory of emotion
- physiological arousal
- the cognitive interpretation or explanation before labelling it as specific emotion
45
what is the lazarius cognitive-appraisal theory
- a theory of emotion
| - emotions depend on person's cognitive appraisal that occurs first
46
what are basic emotions
- unlearned, universal emotions
- found in all cultures
- fear, anger, disgust, surprise, joy, happiness, sadness, distress
47
what are facial expressions
- facial expressions of emotion biologically determined
- newborns don't smile
- facial expressions of emotions develop naturally
48
what are cultural display rules
- culturally how emotions are expressed, where and when expression is appropriate
- gender differences
- sometimes disconnection between felt emotions and emotional expression
49
what is emotion as communication
- communicate feelings, intentions, needs more effectively than just words alone
- more likely others will respond
- by communicating emotions, we motivate others to act
50
what is the facial feedback hypothesis
- facial expressions of basic emotions are genetically programmed
- muscular movements in certain facial expressions produce corresponding emotion
- smiling makes us happy
51
what is love
- deep and abiding affection
| - romantic love (passionate love) = intense emotional response
52
what are the six styles of love
- romantic and passionate
- friendly
- game-playing
- possessive
- pragmatic
- unselfish
53
what is Sternberg's theory of love
- three components; intimacy, passion, commitment
- produces seven kinds of love
- consummate love = all three components; ideal type of love relationship
- liking = intimacy
- empty = commitment
- infatuated = passion
- romantic = passion and intimacy
- fatuous = passion and commitment
- companionate = intimacy and commitment
- consummate = intimacy, passion and commitment
Social Science
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