1
Q
what are the 3 approaches to health and illness
A
- biomedical model
- biopsychosocial model
- health psychology
2
Q
what is the biomedical model
A
- illness and biological factors
3
Q
what is the biopsychosocial model
A
- biological, psychological, social factors
4
Q
what is health psychology
A
- psychological influences on how people stay healthy when they become ill, how they respond
5
Q
what is stress
A
- psychological and physiological response to condition that threatens or challengers person
- requires adaptation or adjustment
6
Q
what are stressors
A
- any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress
7
Q
what did Walter cannon contribute to psychology
A
- fight or flight response with sympathetic nervous system
8
Q
what is Hans Selye and general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
A
- predictable sequence of reactions organisms show in response to stressors
- any event requiring readjustment, positive or negative, will produce stress
9
Q
what are the 3 stages of GAS
A
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
10
Q
what is the alarm stage of GAS
A
- sympathetic nervous system releases hormones; fight or flight
11
Q
what is the resistance stage of GAS
A
- physiological efforts to resist or adapt the stressor
12
Q
what is the exhaustion stage of GAS
A
- if organism fails in efforts to resist stressor
13
Q
what is eustress
A
- positive or good stress
14
Q
what is distress
A
- damaging or unpleasant stress
15
Q
what does Lazarus’s cognitive theory include
A
- primary appraisal
- secondary appraisal
- stress response
16
Q
what is primary appraisal
A
- person evaluates events are positive, neutral or negative
- evaluate potentially stressful event and how it affects well-being
- is perception irrelevant or involving harm, loss, threat, challenge
17
Q
what is secondary appraisal
A
- if the situation is judged to be within the person’s control
- evaluating one’s coping resources and how to deal with stressful event
- person considers options in dealing with stressor
18
Q
what is the stress response
A
- physiological: autonomic arousal, fluctuations in hormones
- emotional: anxiety, fear, grief, resentment, excitement
- behavioural: coping behaviours (including problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies)
19
Q
what are everyday sources of stress and what does this include
A
- unpredictable and lack of control
- nursing home residents had improved health, well-being, lower death rate if given some control and life choices
- racism/historical racism and link to stress
includes:
- approach-approach conflict = conflict from choosing between desirable alternatives
- avoidance-avoidance = choosing between equally undesirable alternatives
- approach-approach conflict = choice has both desirable and undesirable features
20
Q
what are the results of catastrophes and chronic stress
A
- first stage: disoriented, often unaware of own injuries
- second stage: victims show concern for other; follow directions of rescue workers
- third stage: shock replaced by general anxiety
21
Q
what is PTSD
A
- prolonged, severe stress reaction to catastrophic or traumatic event
- anxiety, psychic numbing, withdrawal
- psychologically re-experiencing traumatic event
22
Q
what are some side effects of PTSD
A
- PTSD symptoms: flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories
- delayed PTSD: appears 6 months or more after traumatic experience
- survivors guilt: survivors of war catastrophic events experience
23
Q
what is coping
A
- our efforts to deal with taxing or overwhelming demands
24
Q
what is problem-focused coping
A
- reducing, modifying, eliminating source(s) of stress
25
what is emotion-focused coping
- changing emotional responses
26
what is the social readjustment rating scale
- holmes and rahe developed SRRS
- ranks life events from most to least stressful
- connection between degree of life stress and major health problems
27
what are hassles and uplifts
- Lazarus believes hassles add more stress than major life events
- hassles: irritating, frustrating, distressing demands, troubled relationships day in and day out
- uplifts: positive experiences which may neutralize hassles
28
what is cancer
- second leading cause of death after heart disease
29
what are risk factors to cancer
- unhealthy diet, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, promiscuous sexual behaviour, sexually active early teens (especially females)
30
what is coping for cancer
- medical treatment plus maintaining quality of life
31
what is AIDS
- squired immune deficiency syndrome
32
what is HIV
- human immunodeficiency virus; causes AIDS
| - HIV attacks immune system until it becomes non-functional. no cure or vaccine
33
how is AIDS transmitted
- HIV transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal secretions
- during unprotected sexual contact
- IV drug users with contaminated needles, syringes
- infected mothers can infect fetus prenatally, childbirth, breastfeeding
34
what is the treatment for AIDS
- highly active antiretroviral therapy, combination of at least 3 medications
- education and information
- psychotherapy, self-help groups
- antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs
- self-help groups, group therapy
35
what is psychoneuroimmunology
- how psychological factors (emotions, thinking, behaviour) affect the immune system
- stress can decrease levels of immune system's B and T cells
- stress and anxiety can worsen autoimmune diseases
36
how does optimism vs pessimism affect stress
- optimism lowers stress; may reduce risk of illness (positive psychology)
37
what is psychological hardiness
- commitment, challenge, control
38
what is social support
- can give help, information, advice, emotional support
39
what does smoking put you at risk for
- lung cancer and coronary disease
- second hand smoke
- nicotine = powerful substance leading to addiction
- physical and psychological addiction
40
what can occur with alcohol abuse
- abuse/dependence more prevalent among men than women; genetic factors
- cirrhosis of the liver
- alcohol during pregnancy affects developing fetus
- disease concept and abstinence; nature/nurture issues
41
how does exercise help with stress
- aerobic exercise minimum of 2.5 hours per week to achieve health benefits
- strength training increases muscle and bone strength in older people; reduces sarcopenia and osteoporosis
- daily brisk walk 30 minutes or more helps reduce stress and lowers death rate
Social Science
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