1
Q
what is learning
A
- relatively permanent change in behaviour, knowledge, capability or attitude
- acquired through experience
- cannot be attributed to illness, injury or maturation
2
Q
how do we learn
A
- listening
- watching
- reading
- actively participating
3
Q
what are the 3 basic forms of learning
A
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- observational learning
4
Q
what is classical conditioning
A
- one of the simplest forms of learning
- powerful effect on our attitudes, likes, dislikes, emotional responses
- learning in which association is formed between two stimuli
- ex. pavlov’s experiment: studied conditioned reflex in dogs. involuntary response (salivation) associated with sights, sounds of feeding
5
Q
what is a stimulus
A
- any event or object in environment to which an organism responds
- examples: sound, light, touch
- plural of stimulus is stimuli
6
Q
what is an unconditioned reflex
A
- involuntary response to stimulus
- eye blink to puff of air
- salivation response to food
7
Q
what is a conditioned reflex
A
- learned involuntary responses
8
Q
what is a neutral stimulus
A
- no response when presented
9
Q
what is an unconditioned response
A
- automatic unlearned response made to unconditioned stimulus
10
Q
what is an unconditioned stimulus
A
- stimulus elicits unconditioned response
11
Q
what is a conditioned stimulus
A
- previously neutral stimulus
- after repeated pairings with unconditioned stimulus, produced unlearned response
12
Q
what is a conditioned response
A
- learned response made to conditioned stimulus
13
Q
what is extinction
A
- weakening of learned response
- eventual disappearance of learned response
- conditioned stimulus (tone) repeatedly presented without unconditioned stimulus (salivation for food)
14
Q
what is spontaneous recovery
A
- sometimes occurs after extinction
- occurs when conditioned stimulus presented again
- conditioned response reappears
15
Q
what is generalization
A
- classical conditioned: conditioned response to stimulus similar to that originally conditioned stimulus
- operant conditioning: learned response to stimulus similar to that with originally reinforced stimulus
16
Q
what is discrimination
A
- learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli
- conditioned response
- occurs only to originally conditioned stimulus
- ex. pigeon rewarded for pecking only yellow disk (discriminative stimulus)
17
Q
who was Watson and little albert
A
- John Watson’s 1919 experiment proved fear could be classically conditioned
- conditioned baby Albert to fear a white rat
- little Albert also learned to fear other things resembling a white furry rat
18
Q
what are factors in classical conditioning (4 examples)
A
- number of pairings of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
- intensity of unconditioned stimulus
- how reliably conditioned stimulus predicts unconditioned stimulus
- temporal relationship between controlled stimulus and uncontrolled stimulus
19
Q
what is the cognitive perspective
A
- does conditioned stimulus enable prediction of uncontrolled stimulus?
- ex. when pairing is not available
20
Q
what is the biological predisposition
A
- degree to which genes prepare animals and humans to acquire or resist classically conditioned responses
- humans fear stimuli that can harm
- survival response: taste aversion
most common fears are related to the survival of the human species - ex: spiders and snakes
21
Q
what are fear responses
A
- fears and phobias largely result from classical conditioning
- dental phobia if painful dental work
- can generalize to anxiety to dental chair, waiting room, dentist’s office building
22
Q
how does drug use affect classical conditioning of life
A
- environmental cues associated with drug use can become conditioned stimulus
- can produce a conditioned response of drug craving
- need higher doses for effected (tolerance)
- cues initiating protective mechanisms not present when same dose taken in unfamiliar surroundings (leads to overdose)
23
Q
how does classical conditioning affect advertising
A
- classical conditioning happens
- products paired with people, objects, situations we like
- we become conditioned to buy products
24
Q
how does classical conditioning affect sexual arousal
A
- environmental cues (places, smells, clothing)
- can become associated with experiences
- can have role in experiences
25
what would happen to your memory if your hippocampus is damaged
- hippocampus is essential in formations of conscious memory
- if destroyed, wouldn't be able to form any new memories or info of a personal or cognitive nature
- the bad experience is associated with
- smells
- noises
- environmental cues
- thoughts
26
what does the amygdala do
- responds to unpleasant or punishing stimuli
- learned fear responses
- specifically, helps us form associated between external events (dental experience) and the emotions related to those events
27
what is skinner and operant conditioning
- conditioning voluntary responses
- response comes first
- consequence tends to modify response in future
- consequences increase, decrease, shape response
- reinforcers are rewards
- rewards increase response
28
what is shaping
- reinforce any movement towards desired response
- Skinner box; cumulative recorder
- shaping = rewarding successive approximations toward desired response
29
what is superstitious behaviour
- individual believes connection exists between act and consequences
- really no relationship between act and consequences
- gambling, sports examples
30
what is positive reinforcement
- pleasant or desirable consequence
| - increases probability of response occurring again if applied after response
31
what is negative response
- behaviour likely to occur again because followed by ending aversive condition
32
what are primary reinforcers
- fulfill basic physical need for survival
- do not depend on learning
- food, water, sleep
33
what are secondary reinforces
- acquired or learned by association with other reinforces
| - money, praise, grades, awards
34
what is continuous reinforcement
- reinforce every correct response
| - most effective way to condition new response
35
what is partial reinforcement
- portion of correct responses are reinforced
| - schedules of reinforcement
36
what is a fixed-ratio schedule
- reinforcement given
| - after fixed NUMBER of correct responses
37
what is a variable-ratio schedule
- reinforcement after varying NUMBER of correct responses
38
what is a fixed-interval schedule
- reinforcement given
| - after specific TIME interval passed
39
what is a variable-interval schedule
- reinforcement after varying amount of TIME
40
what are 3 factors in operant conditioning
- magnitude of reinforcement
- immediacy of reinforcement
- level of motivation of learner
41
what is the effect of delay in reinforcement on conditioning of a response
- in general, responses are conditioned more effectively when reinforcement is immediate. the longer the delay in reinforcement, the lower the probability that a response will be acquired
42
what is punishment
- removal of a pleasant stimulus
- application of unpleasant stimulus
- both tend to suppress a response
- most effective if during misbehaviour or asap after
- minimum necessary to suppress behaviour
- apply consistently
- should not be done in anger
43
what is escape learning
- behaviour terminated aversive event
44
what is avoidance learning
- avoid events or conditioned associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes
- drinking and driving associated with care accidents and death
45
what is learned helplessness
- passive resignation to aversive conditions
- repeated exposure to aversive, inescapable, unavoidable events
- learner does not try to change, escape, avoid aversive conditions
- learn to stand helplessly and suffer punishment
46
comparing classical and operant conditioning
```
compare
- generalization
- discrimination
- extinction
- spontaneous recovery
through notes in ppt
```
47
what is behaviour modification
- changing behaviour through systematic program based on principles of learning
48
what is token economy
- motivates socially desirable behaviour by reinforcing with tokens
- tokens can be exchanged for desired items or privileges
49
when is behaviour modification used
- in business and industry to increase profits and modify employee behaviour in health, safety and learning
- treatment of psychological problems ranging from phobias to addictive behaviours
- called behaviour therapy when used to help psychological problems
50
what are cognitive processes
- mental processes: thinking, knowing, etc
51
what is observational learning
- learning by observing and imitating behaviour
52
what is modelling/model
- person who demonstrates behaviour or whose behaviour is imitated
Social Science
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