1
Q
what is personality
A
- individual’s unique characteristic patterns of behaving, thinking, feeling
2
Q
what is psychoanalysis
A
- therapy for psychological disorders
- a personality theory
3
Q
what are freud’s three levels of awareness
A
- consciousness: thoughts, feelings, sensations
- preconsciousness: thoughts, feelings, memories we are not consciously aware of. may be brought to consciousness
- unconsciousness: considered by freud as primary motivating force of behaviour, contains repressed memories, instincts, wishes, desires. never been allowed into consciousness
4
Q
what is the id
A
- present at birth
- inherited, primitive, inaccessible, unconscious
- contains life and death instincts
- operates on pleasure principle
- source of libido
5
Q
what is the pleasure principle of the id
A
- drive to seek pleasure, avoid pain, gain immediate gratification of wishes
6
Q
what is the libido of the id
A
- psychic, sexual energy
- comes from the id, provides energy for entire personality
7
Q
what is the ego
A
- logical, rational, realistic, mostly conscious part of personality
- operates according to reality principle
- considers constraints of real world to determine appropriate times, places, objects to gratify id’s wishes
8
Q
what is the superego
A
- formed at 5 or 6 years old
- moral component of personality
- conscience = punished behaviours and guilt
- ego ideal = rewarded behaviours, pride and satisfaction
9
Q
what are defence mechanisms
A
- often ego can relieve anxiety by solving problems rationally and directly
- when it cannot, uses irrational defences against anxiety cased defence mechanisms
- defends against anxiety, maintains self-esteem, involves self-deception and distortion of reality
10
Q
what is repression
A
- can remove painful or threatening memories, thoughts, ideas, perceptions from consciousness; keep in the unconscious
- can prevent unconscious but disturbing impulses from consciousness
- can cause psychological disorders
11
Q
what is regression
A
- reverting to behaviour that might have reduced anxiety at earlier stage of development
12
Q
what is reaction formation
A
- express exaggerated ideas, emotions that are opposite of disturbing ones
13
Q
what is displacement
A
- substitute less threatening object or person for original object of impulse
14
Q
what is sublimation
A
- rechanneling sexual or aggressive energy into something socially acceptable
- freud viewed sublimation as the only completely healthy ego defence mechanism
- freud considered all advances in civilization as a result of sublimation
15
Q
what are the psychosexual stages
A
- sexual instinct develops
- each stage defined by erogenous zone that becomes centre of pleasures and conflicts
- fixations: arrested development at psychosexual stage occurring due to unresolved conflict at that stage
16
Q
what are the psychosexual stages
A
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latency period
- genital stage
17
Q
what is the oral stage
A
- birth to 12 or 18 months
- mouth is primary source of pleasure
- weaning vs oral fixation
- difficulties can result in excessive dependence, optimism, gullibility, pessimism, sarcasm, hostility, aggression
18
Q
what is the anal stage
A
- 12-18 months to 3 years; toilet training
- anal expulsive personality = sloppy, irresponsible, rebellious, hostile, destructive
- anal retentive personalities = stingy, stubborn, rigid, excessively neat, clean, orderly, precise
19
Q
what is the phallic stage
A
- ages 3-5 or 6
- pleasure through genitals
- oedipus and electra complexes = child is attracted to and identifies with opposite sex parent; hostility towards same sex parent
20
Q
what is the latency period
A
- age 5 or 6 to puberty
- relative calm; sex instinct repressed; sublimated in school, play, hobbies, sports
21
Q
what is the genital stage
A
- attainment of full adult sexuality from puberty on
22
Q
when is the personality formed
A
- according to freud, 5 or 6
23
Q
what are the 2 primary influences on personality
A
- traits from fixations (stuck in a psychosexual stage)
- relative strengths of id, ego, superego. psychologically healthy people have id, ego, superego balance
24
Q
who was carl jung
A
- middle age important for personality development
25
what is personal unconscious
- cal Jung's work
- all experiences, throughs, perceptions accessible to conscious
- also repressed memories, wishes, impulses
26
what is collective unconscious
- carl Jung's work
- most inaccessible layer of unconsciousness
- universal experiences
27
what are arcetypes
- carl jung
| - inherited responses to universal human situations
28
who was Alfred adler
- motivated by conscious aspects
- influenced by future goals
- driven by need to compensate for inferiority and strive for superiority
29
what is the inferiority complex
- Alfred adler
| - inferiority feelings prevent personal development
30
who was Karen horney
- themes or neurotic personality and feminine psychology
- need safety and satisfaction for psychological health
- 'tyranny of the should' = unrealistic demands for personal perfection
- not penis envy, just want the same opportunities as men
31
what is a trait
- stable and consistent personal characteristic
| - describes or explains personality
32
what are trait theories
- explain personality and differences between people in terms of personal characteristics
33
who was gordon allport
- common traits: traits we share or hold in common
| - individual traits
34
what are individual traits
- cardinal = person known for strong trait
- central = would mention in writing letter of recommendation
- secondary = less obvious or consistent
35
who was Raymond cattell
- surface traits (central traits) = observable qualities
- source traits = make up most basic personality structure and cause behaviour
- 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF) = personality profile
36
who was Hans eysenck
- personality determined by genes, not environment
- psychoticism = individual's link to reality
- extraverts = sociable, outgoing, active
- introverts = withdrawn, quiet, introspective
- emotional stability = calm, even-tempered, easy going
- neurotics = anxious, excitable, easily distressed
37
what are the big 5
- mnemonic = OCEAN
- Openness to experiences
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
38
what is openness to experiences
- degrees of open-mindedness
| - inventive/curious vs consistent/cautious
39
what is conscientiousness
- degree of dependability
- efficient/organized vs easy going/careless
- planned rather than spontaneous behaviour
40
what is extraversion
- degree of sociability
| - outgoing/energetic vs shy/reserved
41
what is agreeableness
- degree of friendliness
| - friendly/compassionate vs cold/unkind
42
what is neuroticism
- degree of emotional instability
| - sensitive/nervous vs secure/confident
43
what is the 6th factor to go with the 5 factor theory
- degree of modesty
| - tell the truth/view oneself with modesty vs tell lies to inflate one's view of oneself
44
what is the behaviourist view
- BF skinner did not use term personality
- environment shapes individual's observable behaviour
- to change behaviour, restructure environment to reinforce normal rather than abnormal behaviour
45
what is the social-cognitive theory
- Albert bandura
- reciprocal determinism = interaction between personal/cognitive factors, behaviour, external environment
- self-efficacy = perception of ability to perform competently and successfully
46
who was Julian rotter
- internal locus of control = themselves as primarily in control of their behaviour and its consequences
- external locus of control = does not matter what they do because 'whatever will be, will be'
47
what are humanistic personality theories
- Abraham Maslow and carl rogers
- growth and realization of fullest potential
- deny any dark or evil side of humans
- creative beings with free will
48
who was Abraham maslow
- motivational factors
- hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs at bottom, self actualization at top
- self-actualization = developing to one's fullest potential, peak experiences
49
who was carl rogers
- human nature = basically good
- phenomenological field = each of us lives in private subjective reality
- I, me and mine
50
what are conditions of worth
- on which positive regard hinges
51
what are person centred therapies
- instead of patient
52
what are unconditioned positive regards
- therapist gives positive regard no matter what
53
what is behavioural genetics
- relative effects of heredity and environment on behaviour and ability
54
what are ideal subjects
- identical twins separated at birth and reared apart
55
what is heritability
- degree to which characteristics influenced by heredity
56
what are the methods for personality assessment
- observation, interviews, rating scales
- inventories
- projective tests
57
what is observation
- psychologists use observation in personality assessment and evaluation in variety of settings
58
what is behaviour assessment
- behavioural assessment = count and record frequency of behaviours
- used in behaviour modification programs
59
what are interviews
- psychologists and psychiatrists to diagnose and treat
- counsellors screen applicants for admission to colleges, universities, special programs
- employers evaluate job applicants and candidates for job promotions
- structured and unstructured interviews
60
what are rating scales
- record data with standardized format
| - helps focus rater's attention on relevant traits
61
what is the halo effect
- tendency of raters to be excessively influenced in overall evaluation of person by one or a few favourable or unfavourable traits
62
what is personality inventory
- MMPI-2 = screening and diagnosing psychiatric problems and disorders, psychological research
- provides scores on 4 validity scales and 10 clinical scales
- reliable, easy to administer and score, inexpensive to use
63
what are projective tests
- project inner thoughts, feelings, fears, conflict
- rorschach inkblot test = describe 10 inkblots
- thematic apperception test (TAT) = ambiguous black-and-white drawings of human figures; make up story about each scene in test
Social Science
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