1
Q
what is cognition
A
- mental processes involved acquiring, storing retrieving and using information
2
Q
what is imagery
A
- represent or picture a sensory experience in one’s mind
3
Q
what are concepts
A
- label representing class or group of objects, people, events sharing common characteristics or attributes
4
Q
how is concept formation done
A
- from formal definition of concept
- memorizing concept’s common features
- experiences with positive and negative instances of concept
- through use of prototypes
- through use of exemplars
5
Q
what is a prototype
A
- example that embodies most common features of particular concept
6
Q
what is exemplar
A
- individual instances of concept
- stored concept in memory from experiences
7
Q
what is systematic decision making
A
- examining all possible alternatives; choosing most beneficial
8
Q
what is elimination by aspects
A
- eliminate alternatives that do not match each factor
- choose remaining alternative
9
Q
what is availability heuristic
A
- probability of event corresponds to ease which event comes to mind
10
Q
what is representativeness heuristic
A
- based on new situation resembling familiar one
11
Q
what is recognition heuristic
A
- decisions terminate as soon as factor moving to decision recognized
12
Q
what is framing
A
- information emphasizes potential gain or loss
13
Q
what is intuition
A
- ‘gut feelings’ or ‘instincts’
14
Q
what is anchoring
A
- focusing on single factor magnifies importance of factor relevant to other factors
15
Q
what is trial and error
A
- try one solution after another
16
Q
what is heuristics and algorithms
A
- analogy heuristic: comparing problem to others from past
- working backwards (backward search): start with solution and work backward through problem
- means-end analysis: current position compared with desired goal; close far between 2 positions
- algorithm: systematic, step-by-step procedure guarantees solution to problem of certain type if executed properly
17
Q
what is functional fixedness
A
- failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems
18
Q
what is the mental set
A
- mental rut in solving problems
- continue using same old method even if another approach is better
19
Q
what is creativity
A
- produce original, appropriate, valuable ideas, solutions to problems
20
Q
what is divergent thinking
A
- produce multiple ideas, answers, solutions to problems
- novel ideas involving combination synthesis of unusual associations
21
Q
what is language
A
- thoughts, feelings via system of socially shared, arbitrary symbols using rules of grammar
22
Q
what is psycholinguistics
A
- how language acquired, produced, used
- how sounds and symbols of language translated into meaning
23
Q
what is the structure of language
A
- phonemes: smallest units of sounds
- morphemes: smallest units of meaning
- syntax: rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases, sentences
24
Q
what are semantics
A
- meaning derived from morphemes, words, sentences
- surface structure = literal words written, spoken, signed
- deep structure = underlying meaning of sentence
25
language development stages
- cooing
- babbling
- one-word stage
- two-word stage and telegraphic speech
- suffixes, function words, grammatical rules
26
what is cooing
- begins around 2-3 months
| - vowel sounds like ah and oo
27
what is babbling
- around 6 months
| - phonemes such as ma-ma-ma and ba-ba-ba
28
what is the one word stage
- holophrases = one word as a sentence
- overextension = apply word to broader range of objects than acceptable
- underextension = fail to apply word to other members of the class
29
what is the two word stage and telegraphic speech
- 18-20 months
- vocabulary about 50 words
- telegraphic speech = short sentences following rigid word order
30
what are suffixes, function words and grammatical rules
- overregularization
| - inappropriately applying grammatical rules for forming plurals and past tenses to irregular nouns and verbs
31
what is the learning theory
- by b.f. skinner
| - language shaped via rewards
32
what is the nativist position
- noam chomsky
- theory that humans are preprogrammed with inane ability to develop language
- language acquisition device (lad)
- innate; fixed order of learning; universal
33
what is the interactionist perspective
- importance of learning and inborn capacity for acquiring language
- learn concrete language expressions they hear; imitate
- child-directed speech (motherese)
34
multiple languages
- bilingual = fluent in 2 languages
- multilingual = fluent in many languages
- subtractive bilingualism = one language detracts from learning the other
35
what is animal language
- teaching chimpanzees to speak since 1933
- ASL
- chimp Sarah learned David premacks artificial language via operant conditioning
- other chimp cases too
36
language and thought are...
- mutually supportive
37
who was Charles spearman
- observed people bright in one area usually bright in other areas also
- general ability of g factor underlying all intellectual functions
- other abilities named s factors for specific abilities
38
who was louis thurstone
- 7 primary mental abilities
- all intellectual activities involve one or more primary mental abilities
- single IQ score obscured more than it revealed
39
what are the 3 dimensions of j.p. guilford's structure of intellect and what are they relevant to
1. mental operations
2. contents
3. products
- relevant to memory recording and memory retention
40
what are Gardner's 8 multiple intelligences
1. linguistic
2. logical/mathematical
3. spatial
4. bodily kinaesthetic
5. musical
6. interpersonal
7. intrapersonal
8. naturalistic
41
what is linguistics
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- likes words, language
- get and process learning by reading and writing
42
what is logical/mathematical
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- makes connections between bits of information
- sees patterns
- likes: numbers, experimenting, puzzles
- scientists, engineers, accountants
43
what is spatial
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- create mental pictures
- acquire info by seeing, taking notes
- have trouble following lectures and spoken directions
- inventors, mechanics, engineers, architects, dental people
44
what is bodily kinesthetics
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- likes physical movement and great body awareness
- knowledge of the body and how it works
- athletes, dancers, actors, mimes
45
what is musical
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- sensitive to sounds
- recognizes tones, rhythms
- creates melodies
- singers, composers, musicians, DJs
46
what are interpersonal
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- communicators, verbal and non-verbal
- see many POV
- consensus builders and organizers
- counsellors, talk show hosts, leaders, teachers
47
what are intrapersonal
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- deep awareness of inner feelings
- reflective, analytical, confident, strong willed
- recognizes their own strengths and weaknesses
- self-employed, researchers, entrepreneurs
48
what are naturalistic
- one of Gardner's multiple intelligences
- likes the natural world, keen observer
- sees patterns or changes in patterns
- First Nations, farmers, fishers, environmentalists
49
what is Sternberg's triarchic theory (3)
1. componential intelligence: mental abilities closely related to success on conventional IQ and achievement tests
2. experiential intelligence: encompasses creativity, encompasses insight
3. contextual (practical) intelligence): 'street smarts', adapt well to environment, change environment to improve success, find new environment
50
what is intelligence quotient (IQ)
- binet: children with mental age two years below chronological age were disabled
- stern: IG: divide mental age by chronological age
- terman: and multiply by 100
51
what does intelligence testing include
- norms: standards based on scores of many
- stanford-binet intelligence test = individually administered IQ test ages 2 to 23
- deviation score = compare individual score with those of the same age on whom test's norms were formed
52
what was the wechsler adult intelligence scale
- individual intelligence test for adults
- yields separate verbal and performance IQ scores
- overal IQ score
53
what are the requirements for a good test
- reliability: same score each time test is taken
- validity: test measures what it should
- standardization: establishing norms by which all scores are interpreted
54
what is merman's study of gifted people
- a range of intelligence test
- longitudinal study
- ended myth that mentally superior people were physically inferior
- terman's gifted group had better mental health, more likely to be successful in the real world
55
what are intellectual disabilities
- approximately 2-3% of canadians
- deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning
- mainstreaming: educating students in regular schools and classrooms
56
what are used and abuses of IQ tests
- IQ scores are good predictors of academic achievement and success in school
- related to job performance, income, social status, education completed
- culture-fair intelligence tests
57
what are behavioural genetics
- relative effects of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) on behaviour and ability
58
what is the twin study method
- study resemblance of identical and fraternal twins
59
what is heritability
- the degree a characteristic is influenced by heredity
60
what is the adoption study method
- study identical twins separated at birth and raised apart
- when separated twins have similar traits, heredity is major
- when separated twins differ on traits, environment is major
61
do genetics influence intelligence
- yes
| - though IQ is modified with an enriched environment
62
what is emotional intelligence
- ability to apply knowledge about emotions to everyday life
- unrelated to IQ scores
- correlated with both academic and social success
63
what are the personal components of emotional intelligence
- foundation of EI: self-knowledge
- awareness of emotions
- ability to manage emotions
- self-motivation
64
what do people with high EI usually feel
- empathy towards others
| - make good leaders because they can sympathize and understand
65
what are interpersonal components of EI
- empathy and ability to handle relationships
- capacity to manage relationships
- optimism and belief that trying harder after failure will lead to future success
Social Science
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