Chapter 10

Question 1

Differential Emotions Theory (4)

Answer 1

-Emotions are natural and built in from birth and are separate/unique from the start
-They come with their own physical and facial features
-Universal

Question 2

Functional Perspective

Answer 2

-Basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal
-Emotions vary based on the social environment.

Question 3

Happiness

Answer 3

-Smiling with a closed or open upturned mouth
-Raised cheeks which make the eyes squint a bit

Question 4

Happiness at 6 weeks

Answer 4

Social smile

Question 5

Happiness at 3 months

Answer 5

Laughter, curiosity

Question 6

Happiness at 4 months

Answer 6

Full, responsive smiles

Question 7

Anger (frustration)

Answer 7

-Strongly furrowed brow that comes down in the center (making an “X” of the brow muscles)
-Open square-shaped mouth, sometimes baring teeth and flared nostrils

Question 8

When do you start seeing anger?

Answer 8

Around 4-8 months, but it peaks around 18-24 months

Question 9

Surprise

Answer 9

Eyes wide open; arched eyebrows; round mouth (‘O’) shape * 6 months

Question 10

Sadness (Extended periods of separation)

Answer 10

-Down-turned corners of the mouth, lips pushed together and possibly trembling
-Slightly furrowed brow

Question 11

Sadness is…?

Answer 11

-Less frequent than anger
-Hard to distinguish early on

Question 12

Co-regulation

Answer 12

The process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress

Question 13

Mood

Answer 13

• Predominant quality
• Positive or negative

Question 14

Self-comforting behaviors

Answer 14

Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation (e.g., thumb-sucking)

Question 15

Self-distraction

Answer 15

Looking away from an upsetting stimulus in order to regulate one’s level of arousal

Question 16

What Is Temperament?

Answer 16

Temperament reflects individual differences in behavioral functioning, emerge early, biologically based, somewhat stable over time.

Question 17

Fear


Answer 17

-Eyes wide open
-Brows raised in the middle (triangle shape)
-Corners of mouth pulled back into a grimace with mouth open/closed

Question 18

When does stranger wariness happen?

Answer 18

8-24 months

Question 19

When does separation anxiety happen?


Answer 19

13-15 months

Question 20

Disgust

Answer 20

-Nose crinkled and flared nostrils
-Lips pulled back and tongue sticking out
(Evolutionary basis and cultural factors)

Question 21

Adaptability

Answer 21

• Response to environmental changes
• Roll with the punches vs slow to acclimate

Question 22

Intensity

Answer 22

• Strength of emotional reactions
• Extreme highs and lows vs mellow

Question 23

Persistence

Answer 23

-Response to challenges and obstackkes
-Gives up vs. keeps at it

Question 24

Threashold

Answer 24

-Sensitive to stimulus
-Notice vs. doesn’t notice small changes

Question 25

Activity

Answer 25

-Time where they are active vs inactive -Can't sit still vs lethargic

Question 26

Rhythm

Answer 26

-Regularity of biological cycles -Predictable vs unpredictable

Question 27

Distractibility

Answer 27

-Ability to focus attention -Notice every distraction vs. extreme concentration

Question 28

Emotional Regulation

Answer 28

-Conscious and unconscious processes -Monitor and modulate emotional experiences/expressions -Develops gradually over childhood

Question 29

Measuring Temperament (Parent questionnaires)

Answer 29

Best if asked about specific infant/child behaviors

Question 30

Measuring Temperament (Physiological measures)

Answer 30

-Heart rate variability -EEG measures

Question 31

Measuring Temperament (Lab/observational measures)

Answer 31

-Look at individual differences in kids' reactions to staged situations)

Question 32

"Goodness of fit" (Nature and Nurture)

Answer 32

-Good "fit"=positive child outcomes -Bad "fit"=negative child outcomes -Match up environment to the child's temperament

Question 33

The amount of risk a child takes depends on their.....?

Answer 33

Own temperament

Question 34

Is it better to use one or multiple measures to assess temperament?

Answer 34

Multiple

Question 35

Easy Temperament (40%)

Answer 35

-Positive mood -Regular in body functions -Adaptable -Reactions mild --> moderate in intensity

Question 36

Difficult Temperament (10%)

Answer 36

-Negative mood -Active -Irregular/arhythmic -Unadaptable -Withdrawal from novelty -Intense emotional reactions

Question 37

Slow-to-warm-up (15%)

Answer 37

-Shy -Withdraw from novelty -Slow to adapt -Low in activity -Reactions mild --> moderate intensity

Question 38

Average Temperament (35%)

Answer 38

No highs or lows in any dimensions

Question 39

Social Referencing is evident by.....?

Answer 39

12 months

Question 40

When can infants can distinguish facial expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger?

Answer 40

At 3 months

Question 41

When can infants discriminate fear, sadness, and interest?

Answer 41

At 7 months