Chapter 6

Question 1

Symbols

Answer 1

Systems that represent our thoughts, feelings, and knowledge for communicating them to others

Question 2

Comprehension

Answer 2

-This happens before production
-Understanding what people say, sign, or write

Question 3

Production

Answer 3

The action of saying, signing or writing

Question 4

Learning Theory Approach (Skinner)

Answer 4

-Language is learning through nurture/environment
-Reinforcement, imitation

Question 5

Brown & Hanlon Study

Answer 5

-Parents don’t correct grammar
-Not much effect
-Correct facts instead

Question 6

Nativist Approach (Chomsky, Pinker)

Answer 6

-We are born ready to learn language
-Emphasizes nature/biological

Question 7

Universal Grammar (Nativist Approach)

Answer 7

Basic language rules that are abstract, unconscious, and common

Question 8

Modularity Hypothesis (Nativist Approach)

Answer 8

The brain’s special area for learning (not a lot of input)

Question 9

Modern View (Interactionist Approaches)

Answer 9

-Nature + Nurture
-Children have natural learning skills but hearing people talk/responding is also important

Question 10

Language Development requires…?

Answer 10

-A human brain
-Experience with a human language/environment

Question 11

Species-Specific

Answer 11

Only humans acquire language

Question 12

Species-Universal

Answer 12

Infants across the globe can learn any language

Question 13

Syntax

Answer 13

The rules in a language that specify how words can be combined

Question 14

Infant-Directed Speech (IDS)

Answer 14

-The way adults naturally talk to babies
-High pitch, short sentences, clear pronunciation, pauses

Question 15

Function of IDS

Answer 15

-Some cultures don’t do this
-Convey emotion
-Happy vs. Angry tone
-Babies payed more attention to the tone/emotion instead of the words

Question 16

Perceptual Narrowing

Answer 16

You lose the ability to hear language differences

Question 16

Babies brains tune into sounds of….?

Answer 16

The language they hear the most

Question 17

Babies get better at hearing…?

Answer 17

Only the sounds from their native/first language

Question 18

First Speech Sounds (Birth)

Answer 18

-Reflexive sounds (shows their vocal cords work)
-Crying, sighing, lip smacking

Question 19

First Speech Sounds (1-2 Months)

Answer 19

-Cooing
-Real vowels(long/drawn out)
-“oooh” “ahhhh”

Question 20

First Speech Sounds (7 months)

Answer 20

-Babbling
-Consonant-vowel syllables repeated like papapapa
-determined by growth of vocal tract

Question 21

Deaf infants

Answer 21

-Vocal babbling is limited
-ASL manual babbling instead

Question 22

First Word Combinations (10-15 months)

Answer 22

-Names & Action words
-Social words (bye-bye)
-Routine words (lunch)
-Modifiers (hot)
Simplify words-hard to pronounce

Question 23

Holophrastic Period (10-15 mo)

Answer 23

Single words to express a whole phrase (“milk”)

Question 24

Overextensions (10-15 mo)

Answer 24

One word for too many things (saying dog to describe all 4 legged animals)

Question 25

Mutual Exclusivity Assumption

Answer 25

If I already know one name, the new word must belong to something else

Question 26

Whole-object assumption

Answer 26

The word refers to a whole object instead of a part (a dog is not just the tail or fur)

Question 27

Pragmatic Cues

Answer 27

Looking at something and saying "look" will make the baby understand what it is (social context)

Question 28

Shape Bias

Answer 28

"If the shape looks the same, the name is probably the same"

Question 29

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 29

Broken up words -Mommy sock -Ball red -Throw ball (content words instead of function words)

Question 30

Comprehension comes...?

Answer 30

Before production

Question 31

Overregularization

Answer 31

Applying a regular grammar rule to an irregular word -runned -feets -bited

Question 32

Sensitive Period

Answer 32

Specific window in development when the brain is ready to learn

Question 33

Learned from birth/later

Answer 33

Birth-most fluent/accurate Later-more grammatical errors/less fluency