Psychoanalytic Theories Common Themes
-Development driven by maturation(natural stages)
-Stage theories(predictable stages Erikson/Freud)
-Continuity of individual development
-Early experiences pave the way for later development
Psychoanalytic Theories Freud
-Most instincts/desires we aren’t aware of (unconscious)
-How to satisfy basic needs like hunger/comfort
Psychoanalytic Theories Erikson
-Development driven by social/emotions conflicts at different ages
-Age and maturation related
-Crisis has to be resolved for healthy development
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
ID-basic instincts (“I want it now” devil)
Ego-rational decision making (compromise)
Superego-doing what is right (morals angel)
Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust Stage
Babies either trust that someone will care for their needs, or mistrust the care of others
(birth to 1 yo)
Erikson’s Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Stage
Children become self-sufficient in many activities like toileting, feeding, walking or they doubt their own abilities (1 to 3 yo)
Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt Stage
Children attempt to try adult like activities or feel guilty for trying (3 to 6 yo)
Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority
Children learn to be productive in mastering new skills or feel “less than” (6 to 11 yo)
Eriksons’s Identity vs. Role Confusion
Adolescents explore their identity or feel confused about who they are (adolescence)
Psychoanalytic Theories Lasting Contributions
-Early emotional relationships
-Subjective experience (internal feelings)
-Unconscious mental activity
Psychoanalytic Theories Drawbacks
-Too vague/hard to test hypothesis
-Highly questionable elements
View of Children’s Development
External factors like environment + rewards/punishment
Central Developmental Issues
-No stages
-People are different because they have different reinforcement/punishment opportunities
Contemporary Theorists
Children active in their own development
John b. Watson’s Behaviorism
-Development is determined by their social environment (community)
-Psychologists should study observable behavior (no thoughts/emotions)
-Little Albert experiment (fear can be learned)
B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
-Behavior is under environmental control (its consequences)
-Everything we do in life is an operant response influenced by rewards and punishments
Intermittent Reinforcement
When a behavior is only sometimes rewarded, not every time it happens
Albert Bandura believed…?
Most human learning is social in nature and is based on observation of the behavior of other people
Social Learning Theory
Vicarious Reinforcement
Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
Bobo Doll Studies
Children learn by watching others, even when their isn’t reinforcement
Learning Theories Lasting Contributions
-Research in socialization and parental practices
-Systematic desensitization (help overcome fears
-Behavior modifications (rewards or consequences)
Learning Theories Drawbacks
-Lack of attention to cognition (thoughts/emotions)
-Lack of attention to biological influences
Ecological Theories on Views of Children’s Development
-Children inherit genetically based abilities and predispositions that help them adapt
-Development happens in different environments
-
Chapter 634
-
Chapter 740
-
Chapter 826
-
Chapter 934
-
Chapter 1041
-
Chapter 11 Attachment Part 133
-
Chapter 11 Attachment Part 235
-
Chapter 12 Parenting and Discipline22
-
Chapter 12 Family Development31
-
Chapter 13 Peers and Friendship32
-
Chapter 14 Morality24
-
Chapter 15 Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior26
-
Chapter 15 Gender25
