Chapter 7

Question 1

Concepts

Answer 1

Understandings used to group together different things (mental folders)
Ex: apples and pears are fruits

Question 2

Dual Representation

Answer 2

Understanding that one thing can stand for something else (1 object 2 meanings)

Question 3

Scale Model Task

Answer 3

Kids have to find the same toy in the real version of the home after looking the the model home
(3 yo succeed & 2.5 yo fail)

Question 4

Picture task

Answer 4

Both 3 yo and 2.5 yo succeed

Question 5

Enlarging Machine

Answer 5

The kids understood the model room and real room were the same (real experiences stick better)

Question 6

Young children struggle with…?

Answer 6

Dual representation, not 3D

Question 7

Scale model behind glass/play

Answer 7

2.5 yo-More successful because less temptation
3 yo- Encouraged to play with model first, so they are more likely to treat them as a toy (less successful)

Question 8

Video Deficit Effect

Answer 8

Young children struggle to learn from video

Question 9

Touch Screens

Answer 9

-Touching/swiping make it hard to learn because they get distracted by the action
-But it links child’s action to outcome

Question 10

Dolls and Abuse

Answer 10

-Children younger than 5 can’t connect between self and doll

Question 11

Use of manipulatives

Answer 11

Physical objects to teach math like blocks or beads
-Dual representation (objects and symbols)

Question 12

Habituation/Novelty Method

Answer 12

Showing babies the same thing until they get bored, then showing them something new

Question 13

Habituation/Novelty Method Conditions

Answer 13

3-4 moth olds
-Cat and dog condition
-Test= one new cat and dog picture

Question 14

Habituation/Novelty Method Results

Answer 14

Babies who had the cat condition looked at the dog longer and vice versa

Question 15

Habituation/Novelty Method Conclusion

Answer 15

-Infants are capable of perceptual categorization (group objects based on similar appearances)
-Rely on parts

Question 16

Category Hierarchies

Answer 16

Organizing categories into levels from broad to specific

Question 17

Children’s earliest categories are at the…?

Answer 17

medium or basic level
-broad=plant
-medium=tree
-specific=oak

Question 18

Basic categories have…?

Answer 18

-Consistent characteristics (all dogs have fur)
-Easy to distinguish
-Parents start off basic then go to more specific categories

Question 19

Numerical Equality

Answer 19

Number objects have something in common (3 blocks and 3 apples share the #3)

Question 20

Newborns looking…?

Answer 20

Matched # of syllables which means they notice quantity differences

Question 21

How sensitive are they with number differences?

Answer 21

6 vs. 18-YES
4 vs. 8-NO
-Discrimination becomes more precise during the 1st year

Question 22

Infant Arithmetic; Violation of Expectation Method

Answer 22

Showing babies something that shouldn’t happen to see if they notice

Question 23

Babies looked longer at the…?

Answer 23

Impossible event (5 mo)
-babies expect math to make sense

Question 24

Infants look longer because of the Violation of Object Knowledge

Answer 24

The object disappeared which they know shouldn’t have happened

Question 25

Children's Counting begins at...?

Answer 25

2 years old

Question 26

One-One

Answer 26

Each object is counted once; 1,2,3,4

Question 27

Stable-Order

Answer 27

Numbers in the same order, not 4,2,3,1

Question 28

Cardinal

Answer 28

Number of objects=last number; 1,2,3 the last word 3 means there are 3 blocks

Question 29

Cultural Language influences on counting

Answer 29

-Chinese children learn to counter faster than US -English patterns don't show how numbers are built (teens) -Chinese patterns are easy to understand (tens plus ones)

Question 30

Naive Psychology

Answer 30

Kids try to explain why people do what they do

Question 31

3 Concepts Naive Psychology

Answer 31

-Desire (want) -Belief (expect) -Action (do)

Question 32

Naive Psychology Properties (3)

Answer 32

-Invisible mental states (actions come from what they think/feel) -Cause-effect relations (desires+beliefs=actions) -Develop early in life

Question 33

Infants imitate....?

Answer 33

Humans, which cause them to thing something is alive or social if it responds to them

Question 34

Theory of Mind

Answer 34

The understanding of peoples actions are guided by their mental states *naive psychology provides the foundation for TOM

Question 35

TOM Desires and actions

Answer 35

-Most 2 yo understand the difference -Goldfish vs broccoli They had the adults the broccoli because they might want something different than me

Question 36

Most 2 yo don't grasp that....?

Answer 36

-Others' beliefs also influence behavior, but understand it by 3 yo

Question 37

False-Belief Problems

Answer 37

Someone believes something that isn't true and the beliefs affect their behavior. (Looking for keys on table 1st)

Question 38

TOM Smarties Study

Answer 38

Preschoolers are shown a Smarties box, and are asked whats inside (smarties). Pencils are really in the box. Asked what someone would say was in the closed box

Question 39

TOM Smarties Study Data

Answer 39

5 yo-Smarties! (understand false beliefs) 3 yo-Pencils! (everyone knows what they know) but they succeed if an adult helps

Question 40

15 month olds appear sensitive to false beliefs when....?

Answer 40

Assessed using violation-of expectation method