Brain, Mind, & Behavior > Chapter 1.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1.2 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Gross neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye

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2
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Motor nerve

A

A nerve that transmits information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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5
Q

Sensory nerve

A

A nerve that conveys information from the body to the central nervous system

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6
Q

Two systems of nerves in the body

A

Somatic nervous system
Autonomous nervous system

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7
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

A part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections mostly to the skeletal muscles and sensory systems of the body. It consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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8
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A part of the peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connections to the internal organs

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9
Q

Cranial nerves

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain

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10
Q

Spinal nerve

A

A nerve that emerges from the spinal cord

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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body for action

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12
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body to relax and recuperate

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13
Q

Sagittal plane

A

The plane that divides the body or brain into right and left portions

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14
Q

Coronal plane/Frontal plane/Transverse plane

A

The plane that divides the body or brain into front and back parts

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15
Q

Horizontal plane

A

The plane that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts

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16
Q

Medial

A

In anatomy, toward the middle

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17
Q

Lateral

A

In anatomy, toward one side

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18
Q

Ipsilateral

A

In anatomy, pertaining to a location on the same side of the body

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19
Q

Contralateral

A

In anatomy, pertaining to a location on the opposite side of the body

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20
Q

Superior

A

In anatomy, above

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21
Q

Inferior

A

In anatomy, below

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22
Q

Basal

A

“Toward the base” or “toward the bottom” of a structure

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23
Q

Anterior/Rostral

A

In anatomy, toward the head of an organism

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24
Q

Posterior/Caudal

A

In anatomy, toward the tail end of an organism

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25
Proximal
In anatomy, near the trunk or center of an organism
26
Distal
In anatomy, toward the periphery of an organism or toward the end of a limb
27
Afferent
Carrying action potentials toward the brain, or toward one region of interest from another region of interest
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Efferent
Carrying action potentials away from the brain, or away from one region of interest toward another region of interest
29
Dorsal
In anatomy, toward the back of the body or the top of the brain
30
Ventral
In anatomy, toward the belly or front of the body, or the bottom of the brain
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Gray matter
Areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies that are devoid the myelin. Gray matter mostly receives and processes information
32
White matter
A light-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-sheathed axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex. White matter mostly transmits information
33
Cerebral hemisphere
One of the two halves - right or left - of the forebrain
34
Cerebral cortex/Cortex
The outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of nerve cell bodies and their branches
35
Gyrus
A ridged or raised portion of the cortical surface
36
Sulcus
A crevice or valley of the cortical surface
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Frontal lobe
The most anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, responsible for higher cognitive functions and voluntary movement control
38
Parietal lobe
The large region of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes in each cerebral hemisphere, responsible for processing sensory information about touch, pressure, and body position
39
Temporal lobe
The large lateral region of cortex in each cerebral hemisphere. It is continuous with the parietal lobe posteriorly and separated from the frontal lobe by the Sylvian fissure, and is responsible for processing hearing and language
40
Occipital lobe
A large region of cortex that covers much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, and is responsible for processing visual information
41
Sylvian fissure/Lateral sulcus
A deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe
42
Central sulcus
A fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
43
Corpus callosum
The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
44
Postcentral gyrus
The strip of parietal cortex, just posterior to (behind) the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body
45
Precentral gyrus
The strip of frontal cortex, just anterior to (in front of) the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control
46
Neural tube
An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
47
Forebrain
The frontal division of the neural tube, containing the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
48
Midbrain
The middle division of the brain
49
Hindbrain
The rear division of the brain, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
50
Telencephalon
The anterior part of the fetal forebrain, which will become the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain
51
Diencephalon
The posterior part of the fetal forebrain, which will become the thalamus and hypothalamus in the adult brain
52
Brainstem
The region of the brain that consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla
53
Nucleus
A collection of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system
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Tract
A bundle of axons found within the central nervous system
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Olfactory I
Smell
56
Optic II
Vision
57
Oculomotor III
Muscle that moves eyes
58
Trochlear IV
Muscle that moves eyes
59
Trigeminal V
Face, sinuses, teeth; jaw muscles
60
Abducens VI
Muscle that moves eyes
61
Facial VII
Tongue, soft palate; facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands
62
Vestibulocochlear VIII
Inner ear: hearing and balance
63
Glossopharyngeal IX
Taste and other mouth sensations; throat muscles
64
Vagus X
Information from internal organs; internal organs
65
Spinal accessory XI
Neck muscles
66
Hypoglossal XII
Tongue muscles
67
What kind of information do dorsal roots carry?
Afferent/sensory
68
What kind of information do ventral roots carry?
Efferent/motor
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