Chapter 3.4

Question 1

Ways drugs can affect presynaptic processes

Answer 1

Transmitter production
Transmitter release
Transmitter clearance

Question 2

Ways drugs can affect transmitter production

Answer 2

Inhibition of transmitter synthesis
Blockade of axonal transport
Interference with the storage of transmitters

Question 3

Ways drugs can affect transmitter release

Answer 3

Prevention of synaptic transmission
Alteration of synaptic transmitter release through calcium channel blockade
Alteration of transmitter release through modulation of presynaptic activity
Alteration of transmitter release through other mechanisms

Question 4

Autoreceptor

Answer 4

A receptor for a synaptic transmitter that is located in the presynaptic membrane and tells the axon terminal how much transmitter has been released

Question 5

Ways drugs can affect transmitter clearance

Answer 5

Inactivation of transmitter reuptake
Blockade of transmitter degradation

Question 6

Ways drugs can affect postsynaptic processes

Answer 6

Transmitter receptor activation
Postsynaptic intracellular processes

Question 7

Ways drugs can affect transmitter receptor activation

Answer 7

Blockade of receptors
Activation of receptors

Question 8

Ways drugs can affect postsynaptic intracellular processes

Answer 8

Alteration of the number of postsynaptic receptors
Modulation of second messengers

Question 9

Substance use disorder

Answer 9

Patterns of symptoms caused by using a substance that an individual continues taking despite its negative effects

Question 10

Progression of drug addiction

Answer 10

Initial drug taking –> habitual drug taking –> drug craving and repeated relapse

Question 11

Dependence

Answer 11

When the body has made changes to compensate for a drug’s presence

Question 12

Drug tolerance/Tolerance

Answer 12

A condition in which, with repeated exposure to a drug, an individual becomes less responsive to a constant dose

Question 13

Conditioned drug tolerance

Answer 13

Returning to a place where drugs were once taken causes conditioned compensatory response, craving, and relapse

Question 14

What properties of drugs make them addictive?

Answer 14

Stimulates dopamine release from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens

Question 15

How are the rewarding properties of drugs studied in the laboratory?

Answer 15

Lesion studies
PET studies
Self administration studies
Self stimulation studies

Question 16

Examples of opioids

Answer 16

Schedule 2:
Morphine
Fentanyl
Carfentanil
Oxycodone
Schedule 1:
Heroine

Question 17

Therapeutic uses of opioids

Answer 17

Pain management

Question 18

Acute effects of opioids

Answer 18

Euphoria, relaxation, pain relief

Question 19

How are opioids administered?

Answer 19

Pills, IV injection, needles

Question 20

How do opioids work?

Answer 20

The drug binds to opioid receptors, activating them and reducing pain signals by turning off GABA neurons, indirectly increasing dopamine

Question 21

Withdrawal symptoms of opioids

Answer 21

Muscle pain, vomiting, nausea

Question 22

Treatments for opioid use disorder

Answer 22

Drugs that block opioid receptors such as narcan and naltrexone
Medication-assisted treatment such as methadone and buprenorphine
Harm reduction strategies such as narcan distribution, drug checking services, and syringe service program
Cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 23

Examples of cannabinoids

Answer 23

Schedule 1:
Tetrahydrocannabinol/marijuana (THC)
Cannabidiol (not controlled substance)

Question 24

Therapeutic uses of cannabinoids

Answer 24

Epilepsy, relieve nausea, anorexia

Question 25

Acute effects of cannabinoids

Answer 25

Relaxation, mood alterations, increased appetite, motor deficits

Question 26

How are cannabinoids administered?

Answer 26

Smoking, eating, topicals

Question 27

How do cannabinoids work?

Answer 27

Bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors of anandamide, which activate receptors that lead to increased dopamine firing

Question 27

Withdrawal symptoms of cannabinoids

Answer 27

Irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite, anxiety

Question 28

Examples of stimulants

Answer 28

Not regulated: Caffeine Nicotine Schedule 2: Cocaine Amphetamine/Methamphetamine

Question 29

Therapeutic uses of stimulants

Answer 29

ADHD, narcolepsy

Question 30

Acute effects of stimulants

Answer 30

Increased alertness, focus, energy, elevated hr/bp, decreased appetite

Question 31

How are stimulants administered

Answer 31

Smoking, snorting, ingestion

Question 32

Withdrawal symptoms of stimulants

Answer 32

Fatigue, depression, strong cravings

Question 33

How do nicotine stimulants work?

Answer 33

Bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, activating receptors and releasing dopamine

Question 34

How do cocaine stimulants work?

Answer 34

Block dopamine reuptake transporters on presynaptic neurons so that dopamine stays in the synapse longer

Question 35

How do amphetamine stimulants work?

Answer 35

Reverses DAT transporter, pumping dopamine into the synapse

Question 36

Acute effects of alcohol

Answer 36

Relaxation, lowered inhibition, motor impairment

Question 37

How does alcohol work?

Answer 37

Bind to GABA receptors to make them more inhibitory and binds to glutamate receptors preventing glutamate from binding to the cell

Question 38

Withdrawal symptoms of alcohol

Answer 38

Life threatening seizures, delirium

Question 39

Treatments for alcohol use disorder

Answer 39

Benzodiazepines for withdrawal Naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram Cognitive behavioral therapy

Question 40

Examples of psychedelics

Answer 40

Schedule 1: LSD Mescaline Psilocybin MDMA

Question 41

Therapeutic uses of psychedelics

Answer 41

PTSD, depression, anxiety, substance use

Question 42

Acute effects of psychedelics

Answer 42

Vivid visual hallucinations, slowing of the sense of time, strong emotional reaction

Question 43

How do psychedelics work?

Answer 43

LSD bind to serotonin receptors and activate them MDMA enters neurons that release serotonin and dopamine, blocking reuptake