Chapter 12.1

Question 1

Delusion

Answer 1

A false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

Question 2

Schizophrenia

Answer 2

A severe psychopathological disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and flat affect, by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, and by cognitive symptoms such as poor attention span

Question 3

Positive symptom

Answer 3

In psychiatry, an abnormal state behavior. Examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior

Question 4

Negative symptom

Answer 4

In psychiatry, an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning. Examples include emotional and social withdrawal, and blunted affect

Question 5

Concordance

Answer 5

Sharing of a characteristic by both individuals of a pair of twins

Question 6

Hypofrontality hypothesis

Answer 6

The idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes

Question 7

Antipsychotic/Neuroleptic

Answer 7

Any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

Question 8

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 8

The idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

Question 9

First-generation antipsychotic/Typical antipsychotic

Answer 9

An antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D ₂ receptors

Question 10

Second-generation antipsychotic/Atypical antipsychotic

Answer 10

An antipsychotic drug that has primary actions other than or in addition to dopamine D ₂ receptor antagonism that characterizes the first-generation antipsychotic

Question 11

Glutamate hypothesis

Answer 11

The idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors

Question 12

Cognitive symptoms

Answer 12

Refers to problems with accessing and acting on external information

Question 13

Racial disparities in the diagnosis of schizophrenia

Answer 13

Black Americans are diagnosed at higher rates than white Americans
Marginalization and trauma are known risk factors for developing schizophrenia
Psychotic symptoms are overemphasized in black Americans, depression more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenia

Question 14

Functional differences of people with schizophrenia

Answer 14

Unable to make smooth-pursuit movements with their eyes

Question 15

Structural differences of people with schizophrenia

Answer 15

Reduced gray matter and volume and enlarged ventricles in the cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus
Reduced cortical thickness and abnormal lamination
Less myelination and disorganization of white matter tracts in the PFC region