Lesson 21

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

The process that maintains the internal environment of the body within a narrow physiological range

Question 2

Satiety

Answer 2

The feeling of fulfillment or satisfaction, anorexigenic and inhibit eating

Question 3

Hunger

Answer 3

The internal state of an animal seeking food, orexigenic and promotes eating

Question 4

Basal metabolism

Answer 4

The energy used for heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and other life sustaining processes. Energy expenditure is adjusted in response to nutrition

Question 5

Glucose

Answer 5

Primary energy source in the body and brain

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Complex carbohydrate used for short-term energy storage in the liver and muscles

Question 7

Glycogenesis

Answer 7

Process of converting glucose to glycogen with the use of insulin

Question 8

Insulin

Answer 8

Pancreatic hormone that regulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen, also interacts with glucose transporters in the cell to bring glucose into the cell, short-term satiety signal

Question 9

Glocygenolysis

Answer 9

Process of converting glycogen to glucose with the use of glucagon

Question 10

Glucagon

Answer 10

A pancreatic hormone that regulates the conversion of glycogen back to glucose

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

Deposited in adipose tissue for longer-term energy storage

Question 12

Two types of diabetes

Answer 12

Type 1: Pancreas stops producing insulin
Type 2: Reduced sensitivity to insulin

Question 13

Hyperglycemic

Answer 13

Too much glucose in the blood

Question 14

Hypoglycemic

Answer 14

Too little glucose in the blood

Question 15

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 15

Conversion of fats and proteins to glucose and ketones

Question 16

Dual-center hypothesis

Answer 16

Proposed two appetite centers in the hypothalamus

Question 17

Two appetite centers in the hypothalamus

Answer 17

Ventromedial hypothalamus - satiety center, lesions cause overeating
Lateral hypothalamus - hunger center, lesions cause reduced eating

Question 18

Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 18

An appetite center, activity is governed by peripherally released feeding-related hormones

Question 19

Leptin

Answer 19

Hormone released by fat cells, regulating body mass by acting directly on neurons of the hypothalamus that decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure. Released to provide information to the brain about long-term energy reserves

Question 20

Ghrelin

Answer 20

Hormone produced by the stomach and secreted into the blood stream. Levels rise during fasting and fall after a meal, short-term hunger signal

Question 21

Peptide YY

Answer 21

Hormone produced by the intestines and secreted in to the blood stream. Levels are low before eating but rise rapidly after a meal, short-term satiety signal

Question 22

Pathway of leptins

Answer 22

Leptin activates neurons in the arcuate that release POMC and CART peptides. They stimulate the lateral hypothalamus to decrease appetite and increase metabolism. Also prevents release of NPY and AgRP

Question 23

Pathway of PYYs

Answer 23

PYY inhibits the appetite stimulating NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which release POMC and CART peptides to decrease appetite and increase metabolism

Question 24

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Answer 24

Hormone produced by the intestines and secreted into the bloodstream. Levels rise rapidly during a meal, short-term satiety signal that tells the body you’re full

Question 25

Pathway of ghrelin

Answer 25

Activates neurons in the arcuate that release NPY and AgRP. They inhibit POMC and CART peptides which stimulate appetite and reduce metabolism

Question 26

What do GLP-1 receptor agonists do?

Answer 26

Found in the VTA and nucleus accumbens, activating these receptors decrease dopamine releases in response to high-reward foods, reducing the drive to seek food

Question 27

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 27

A syndrome in which individuals severely restrict energy intake, have an intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image

Question 28

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 28

A syndrome marked by recurrent episodes of bingeing associated with a sense of lack of control, and compensatory purging behaviors

Question 29

Binge eating disorder

Answer 29

A syndrome marked by recurrent binge eating episodes, and by a sense of lack of control

Question 30

Treatments for eating disorders

Answer 30

Family-based therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy Nutritional rehabilitation Medications such as SSRIs