Chapter 8.1

Question 1

Hormone

Answer 1

A chemical, usually secreted by an endocrine gland, that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues

Question 2

Endocrine gland

Answer 2

A gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant targets

Question 3

Synapse

Answer 3

The cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell

Question 4

Endocrine

Answer 4

Referring to glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body. These glands secrete the principal hormones used by the body

Question 5

Pheromone

Answer 5

A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

Question 6

Allomone

Answer 6

A chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species

Question 7

Peptide hormone/Protein hormone

Answer 7

A hormone that consists of a string of amino acids

Question 8

Amine hormone/Monoamine hormone

Answer 8

A hormone composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine

Question 9

Steroid hormone

Answer 9

Any of a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms

Question 10

Second messenger

Answer 10

A slow-acting substance in a target cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates activity within the target cell

Question 11

Autoradiography

Answer 11

A technique that shows the distribution of radioactive chemicals in tissue

Question 12

Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

Answer 12

A method for detecting a particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visible reaction product around each antibody

Question 13

Pituitary gland

Answer 13

A small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull

Question 14

Pituitary stalk

Answer 14

A thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Question 15

Neuroendocrine cell

Answer 15

A neuron that releases hormones into local or general circulation

Question 16

Posterior pituitary

Answer 16

The rear division of the pituitary gland, releases oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 17

Oxytocin

Answer 17

A peptide hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female and is also associated with maternal behavior

Question 18

Vasopressin/Arginine vasopressin/Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 18

A peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure, targets the kidney

Question 19

Milk letdown reflex

Answer 19

The reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling or to stimuli associated with suckling

Question 20

Anterior pituitary

Answer 20

The front division of the pituitary gland. It secretes tropic hormones

Question 21

Tropic hormone

Answer 21

Any of a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

Question 22

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

Answer 22

An elaborate bed of blood vessels leading from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

Question 23

What is the process of release of hormones from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 23

Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus produce oxytocin and vasopressin, whose axons go down the pituitary stalk and release the hormones into the capillaries

Question 24

What is the process of release of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 24

Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus produce releasing hormones whose axons converge in the median eminence to release into the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. These hormones travel through the veins to the anterior pituitary, where the cells there respond to the hormones to release tropic hormones which then travel through the bloodstream and regulate endocrine glands throughout the body

Question 25

Growth hormone/Somatotropin/Somatotropic hormone (GH)

Answer 25

A tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that promotes the growth of cells and tissues. Targets the bones and all cells

Question 26

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 26

A gonadotropin that targets the gonads and stimulates follicles to grow and secrete estrogen androgens. Governs sperm production in males

Question 27

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 27

A gonadotropin that targets the gonads and stimulates ovulation androgens, estrogen, and progestin secretion. Stimulates production of testosterone in males

Question 28

What are some differences between neural and hormonal communication?

Answer 28

Neural communication travels to precise destinations, travel a very short distance, affect cells with a proper receptor, and send quick but short-lasting messages. Hormonal communication spreads throughout the body, hormones can travel over one meter, can affect any cell with a proper receptor, and are slow but long lasting

Question 29

Neurocrine

Answer 29

Glands that release hormones that diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic receptors

Question 30

Examples of amine hormones

Answer 30

Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroxin Melatonin

Question 31

Examples of steroid hormones

Answer 31

Estrogen Progestins Androgens Glucocorticoids

Question 32

How do peptide and amine hormones work?

Answer 32

They bind to specific receptors on the surface of a cell and activate second messenger signaling pathways in the cell, acting within seconds to minutes

Question 33

How do steroid hormones work?

Answer 33

Can cross the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors, acting within hours or days. Changes can be permanent or transient

Question 34

Adrenocortico-tropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 34

Parvocellular neurosecretory cells determine whether a stimulus is stressful, pariventricular hypothalamus secretes CRH into portal circulation, which causes ACTH to be released which stimulates cortisol release (stress), targeting the adrenal cortex

Question 35

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 35

A hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that targets the thyroid and causes thyroxin secretion

Question 36

Prolactin

Answer 36

A hormone produced in the anterior pituitary that target the mammary glands, stimulating milk production