Ectoderm
The outer cellular layer of the developing embryo, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system
Neural tube
An embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Embryo
The earliest stage in a developing animal
Fetus
A developing individual after the embryo stage
Six stages of brain development
Neurogenesis
Cell migration
Cell differentiation
Synaptogenesis
Neuronal cell death
Synapse rearrangement
Neurogenesis
The mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons
Mitosis
The process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA
Ventricular zone/Ependymal layer
A region lining the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life
Cell migration
The movement of cells from site of origin to final location
Gene expression
The process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene
Cell differentiation
The developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as a result of expressing particular genes
Synaptogenesis
The establishment of connections as axons and dendrites grow
Cell-cell interaction
The general process during development in which one cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring, cells
Stem cell
A cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce
Adult neurogenesis
The creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult
Cell death/Apoptosis
The developmental process during which “surplus” cells die
Neurotrophic factor/Trophic factor
A target-derived chemical that acts as if it “feeds” certain neurons to help them survive
Three primary vesicles in brain development and what they form
Prosencephalon - forebrain
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Rhombencephalon - hindbrain
Five secondary vesicles in brain development and what they form
Telencephalon - Olfactory lobes, hippocampus, cerebrum
Diencephalon - Thalamus, hypothalamus
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Metencephalon - Cerebellum, pons
Myelencephalon - Medulla
What formation processes happen to the brain after birth?
Neurogenesis
Growth of neurons
Dendritic branching
Synaptogenesis
Myelination
New glia
Where does neurogenesis mainly occur in the adult brain?
In the hippocampus and subventricular zone
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Intro8
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Chapter 1.138
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Chapter 1.268
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Chapter 1.318
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Chapter 1.416
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Chapter 2.133
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Chapter 2.221
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Chapter 3.16
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Chapter 3.224
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Chapter 4.121
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Chapter 4.22
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Chapter 4.34
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Chapter 1.516
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Chapter 1.67
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Chapter 2.31
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Chapter 8.136
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Chapter 3.317
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Chapter 3.444
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Chapter 12.115
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Chapter 12.212
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Chapter 12.36
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Chapter 11.214
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Lesson 1519
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Lesson 1613
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Lesson 1731
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Lesson 1823
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Lesson 1919
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Lesson 2016
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Lesson 2130
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Lesson 2225
