chapter 14

Question 1

what is the human movement system known as

Answer 1

compromises the muscular, skeletal and nervous systems.

Question 1

what two regions can the hms be classified into

Answer 1

upper kinetic chain and the lower kinetic chain

Question 2

what does the upper kinetic chain consist of

Answer 2

shoulders, elbow, wrist and hand

Question 3

what can the lower kinetic chain consist of

Answer 3

hip, knee, ankle and foot.

Question 4

what does HMS stand for

Answer 4

human movement system `

Question 5

what can happen if the upper and lower kinetic chain are not aligned

Answer 5

can cause dysfuntion

Question 6

what are postural distortion patterns

Answer 6

predictable patterns of muscle imbalances

Question 7

what can a lack of structural integrity result in

Answer 7

muscle imbalances, altered force couple relationships, altered osteokinematics and arthrokinematics.

Question 8

what is force couple relationships

Answer 8

the synergistic action of multiple muscles working together to produce movement around a joint

Question 9

what is osteokinematics

Answer 9

movement of a limb that is visible

Question 10

what are arthrokinematics

Answer 10

the description of joint surface movement; consist of three major types: roll, slide and spin.

Question 11

what chapter of the nasm cpt course can you identify more of static postural distortions and altered movement patterns

Answer 11

chapter 12

Question 12

what can cause muscles imbalances

Answer 12

reciprocal inhibition, synergistic dominance, and osteo- and arthrokinematics dysfunction.

Question 13

what is reciprocal inhibition

Answer 13

the activation muscle agonist leads to the relaxation of the antagonist muscle during a contraction

Question 14

what is synergistic dominance

Answer 14

A synergist muscle assists the agonist muscle or “primary mover” for a specific action at a joint. For example, inhibition of the gluteus maximus may lead to synergistic dominance of the biceps femoris during hip extension.

Question 15

what is osteo- and arthrokinematics dysfunction.

Answer 15

Examples: Limited inferior glide of the femoral head (arthrokinematic dysfunction) can lead to reduced abduction (osteokinematic dysfunction) of the hip.

Question 16

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 16

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

Question 17

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 17

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

Question 18

Overactive

Answer 18

When elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction.

Question 19

Underactive

Answer 19

When a muscle is experiencing neural inhibition and limited neuromuscular recruitment.

Question 20

what is the difference between osteo and arthrokinematics dysfunctions

Answer 20

osteokinematics describes how the bones and joints are moving through a ROM. and osteo refers to joint motion we can see such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or rotation of the body.

Question 21

muscle spindle

Answer 21

sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that chage

Question 22

central nervous system

Answer 22

a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

Question 23

what is the golgi tendon organ

Answer 23

is located within the point where the muscle and the tendon meet. A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change.

Question 24

autogenic inhibition

Answer 24

the process by which neural impulses that sense tension are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles.

Question 25

scientific principles of flexibility.

Answer 25

when a muscle is lengthen there is a cascade of neurological reactions that occurs that allow the muscle to be stretched.

Question 26

lengthening reaction

Answer 26

when a muscle is lengthened a cascade of neurological reactions occur that allows the muscle to be stretched

Question 27

Static stretching

Answer 27

A type of stretch where the muscle is passively lengthened to the point of tension and held for a sustained amount of time.

Question 28

What term refers to the neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when synergists take over function for a weak or inhibited prime mover (agonist)?

Answer 28

Synergistic dominance

Question 29

The ability of the nervous system to recruit the correct muscles to produce force, reduce force, and dynamically stabilize the body’s structure in all planes of motion

Answer 29

Neuromuscular efficiency

Question 30

Prolonged Golgi tendon organ stimulation that provides an inhibitory action to muscle spindles located within the same muscle

Answer 30

Autogenic inhibition

Question 31

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist

Answer 31

Altered reciprocal inhibition