1
Q
name 3 procedures that increase the radiographer’s risk of exposure
A
general flouroscopy
intervential procedures using HLCF (high level control flouro)
mobile examinations
c-arm flouro
2
Q
annual occupational effective dose is..
A
50 msv (5 rem)
3
Q
define cumulative effective dose
A
effective dose cumulated over life until now
4
Q
what should lifetime efd never exceed?
A
ten times the person’s age
5
Q
efd limit for general population
A
1 msv for those with frequent or continuous exposures
5 msv for infrequent annual exposure
6
Q
1 msv and 5 msv into mrem
A
100 mrem and 500 mrem
7
Q
sv into rem
A
1/100
8
Q
t/f techs can stand in the way of the primary beam to restrain a patient
A
false
9
Q
effective dose limit for fetus
A
0.5 msv for entire term
10
Q
what thickness of lead is used in pregancy aprons
A
0.5 mm (double normal)
11
Q
inverse square law applies to which priciple of protection
A
distance
12
Q
inverse square law
A
intensity goes up or down (up for closer, down for farther) by the square of the relative distance change
I1/I2 = (d2)^2/(d1)^2
13
Q
most common materials for structural sheilding
A
lead
concrete
14
Q
define primary protective barrier
A
a barrier to prevent direct, unscattered radiation from reaching personnel or members of public.
15
Q
if peak energy of beam is 120 kvp the primary protective barrier has…
A
1.6 mm lead
extends 2.1 m upward from floor of room when tube is 1.5-2.1 m from wall in question
16
Q
control booth barrier
A
barrier protecting techs from radiation
clear lead material imregnanted with approx. 30% lead
17
Q
modular or movable xray barriers
A
are shatter resistant
extend 2.1 m from floor
are available in lead equivalency 0.3-0.2 mm
18
Q
as lead quivelant thickness increase… attenuation of the beam ….
A
increases when kvp remains the same
19
Q
neck and thyroid sheild lead minimum
A
0.5mm
20
Q
minimal lead for glasses
A
0.35 mm
21
Q
aprons and gloves lead minimal
A
0.25 mm
22
Q
t/f someone can touch the tube housing or high tension cables in the tube while a radiographic procedure exposure is in progress in an emergency
A
false, no one can ever
23
Q
minimal apron lead protection during flouro
A
0.5 mm apron
24
Q
dose minimizing techniques
A
adequate collimation
adequate filtration
control of technical exposure factors
appropriate source-to-skin distance
diagnostic-type protective x-ray tube housing
25
define bucky slot shielding device and minimum lead amount
covers opening in the side of the xray table
0.25 mm lead minimum cover
26
decrease exposure through scheduling?
yes, schedule techs on a rotation to allow them to spend less time in flouro, intervential, etc.
27
tube chords must be long enough for tech to stand at least ____ away from the tube/patietn
2m/6ft
28
magnification with a c-arm increases ma or kvp or time?
ma
29
maximum exposure rate dose to a patient in flouro regularly is _____ but in hihglevel or boost for HLCF for interventional it is ______
8.8 cGY/min
20-40 cGY/minute
30
dose-reduction techniques in flouro name 3
low dose mode
pulsed beam use
manual collimation
correct beam filtration
removable grids
road-mapping
time interval differences
last image hold mode
31
how radiologist can reduce exposure in flouro
decrease duration or procedure
obtain fewer images
reduce use of continuous flouro mode
retaining the protective curtain on the image intensifier
regularly using the last image hold feature
32
radiation categories
primary radiation
scatter
leakage
(last two are secondary radition)
33
define primary radiation
straight from the tube
34
define scatter radiation
compton interactions sending scatter literally everywhere
(requires less protection than for primary because scatter has less energy)
35
define leakage radiation
raidiation penetrating the x-ray tube housing
36
define workload/duty cycle (W) and it's units
quantity, or the radiation output-weighted time that the unit is delivering radiation during the week
mAs per week or mA-min per week
37
workload equation
mAs * days/week * patients/day * images/patient
38
define use factor (u)
the portion of beam-on time that the beam is directed at a primary barrier during the week
39
use factor number due to scatter
U (secondary) = 1 for all radiation accessible structures due to scatter
40
U factor is also the
direction factor
41
Occupancy factor (T)
used to determine sheilding required for a barrier based on the amount of time that the space beyond the barrier is occupiedk
42
controlled area
area used only by occupationally exposed personel
(1 msv max equiv dose)
43
uncontrolled area
area used by general public
(max equiv dose is 20 micro-Sv)
44
define isotope
atoms that have the same number of protons and diff neutrons
45
define radioisotope
isotope but unbalanced and undergoes attempts at rectification
46
radioimmunotherapy
specialized radioisotope usage in conjunction with the action of the body's immune system
47
radiation therapy
means of eliminating cancerous cells by irradiation due to sensitivity to damage due to rapid reproduction rate
48
radiation form most often used in radiation therapy
gamma rays / beta radiation
49
beta radiation definition
fast electrons
50
Iodine - 125
radioactive iodine, used as a seed to kill prostate cancer
51
iodine 125 protons and neutrons and half life
53 prot, 72 neut, half life 59.4
52
electron capture
inner-shell electron interacts strongly with one of the nuclear protons, followed by the two combining to produce a neutron
53
iodine 125 decay process
i-125 --> tellurium-125 + 27-kev xray --> te125 + 35 kev gamma + 25 kev xray --> stable tullurium
54
iodine 131 prot neutr and half life
53 pr, 78 neutr, 8 days
55
iodine 131 decay process called
beta decay
(electrons with 192 kev and gamme wih mean energy of 365 kev)
56
iodine 131 tablets with sodium are for ----- cancer
thyroid cancer
57
lead thickness used when visiting I-131 patient
25 mm or 1 in thick
58
why use protection when I-131 patients take pills?
high energy beta decay eminates from the patient
59
How to dispose of radioactive materials and/or materials that touched radioactive materials
materials - put back in closed container marked with how much used and current date
touched - put in a bag labelled with the radioisotope and the date
((MAKE SURE YOU WEREN'T CONTAMINATED))
60
nuclear medicine
uses radionuclides to study organ function in a patient
61
iodine - 123 process of decy name
uses electron capture to decay
62
i-123 half life
13.3 hours
63
i-123 + sodium =
NaI123 used to measure degree of uptake by thryoid and therefore how much tissue is functioning
nuclear medicine
64
technetium - 99m came from?
made from molybdenum
65
technetium - 99m used for
spleen function - combined with tin
cancer in bony areas - mystery mix
heart function - stress test with treadmill
66
t-99m decay process, proton, neutron, half life
43 pr, 56 neut, 6 hours
beta decay
67
t-99m m stands for
metastable (more enduring and lasting than others)
68
nuc med determines function by...
excessive/underwhelming uptake of the chemicals put into the body
69
PET uses what
pair production, and annihilation radiation events
70
positron
positively charged electron, annihilation event
71
neutrino charge and ractivity
no charge and negilible mass, but has kinetic energy instead of reactive energy (rarely reacts)
72
antimatter
neutrino, positron
73
flourine - 18 modality and specs (prot, neut)
PET SCAN,
prot 9
neutr 9
74
PET is used for what
evaluating metabolic processes within the body using glucose
75
flourine - 18 attatches to what to become a tracer
glucose becoming flourodeoxyglucose
76
using FDG in PET scanning we can identify what
cancerous cells absorbing glucose
77
what can PET be combined with to better pinpoint cancer?
CT
78
HVL is
half value layer, thickness needed to attenuate high energy radiation by 50%
79
thickness of lead in pet-ct
2.5 cm
80
what radiation sources during pet-ct must techs and the public be protected from?
patients with anything injected and the machine
81
t/f patient's radioactivity goes down when voiding any fluids
true
82
antigens
proteins that are not recognized by the body and seen as foreign by immune system
83
Antibodies (ab)
molecules produced by b-lymphocytes that circulate in blood and bind with antigens
84
conjugate
a compound formed by joinging of two or more chemical compounds
85
conjugated antibody
antibody that has been attached to a substrate such as enzyme, toxin, or inorganic compound
86
monoclonal antibodies
anti-bodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of parent
87
pathogens
a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease
88
bone marrow is where...
site where most of the cells in the immune system are produced
89
stem cells are...
differentiation potential to mature into different cells of the immune system
90
thymus
organ in the chest that instructs immature lymphocytes to become mature t-cells
91
cytotoxic (killer) t-cells
mature in thymus, kill infected cells
92
helper t-cells
help t-cells and b-cells perform
93
b-cells
lymphocutes in the bone marrow and differentiate into plasma cells that produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)
94
plasma b-cells
develop from b-cells and are the cells that make immunoglobulin for serum and secretions
95
serum and plasma
liquid portion of blood after cells are removed, serum allows clotting, plasma prevents it
serum = plasma + clotting agent
96
immunoglobulin (Ig)
proteins, fit antigens like a lock and key, can match all organisms in our environment,
97
immunoglobulin G (IgG)
75% of antibodies, most common
created and released by plasma b-cells
98
neutrophils
leukocytes (white blood cell) that travel to an infection site and digest microorganisms and releasing enzymes that kill microorganisms
99
Complement proteins
2ndary part of immune sys, enhances antibodies to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism
"backup" complex of 30+ proteins
100
red blood cells
carry oxygen to tissues
101
platelets
small cells that clot
102
dendritic cells
present antigens to immune cells
103
innate vs adaptive immune system
INNATE:
neutrophlls, Natrual killer cells, and complement proteins
require no additional modifications to do their jobs
ADAPTIVE:
t, b cells
require "educational" modification to prevent them from attacking harmless cells. long memory, and adjust well to new germs.
104
monovalent affinity
binding to a specific part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody.
(MABs use this to identify and locate specific proteins on cells)
105
RIT is ...
radiation therapy and immunotherapy had a baby
also depends on selective accumulation of cytotoxic radioisotopes at the affected areas
106
immunotherapy uses what type of antibodies...
labratory produced and specialized to target specific cells
107
the cell-killing efficacy of an alpha partciel is _________ of oxygen concentration and cell cycle state
independant
108
advantages of RIT over radiotherapy external name 3
effective in attacking not only the tumor but also:
residual lesions
residual tumor margins after surgical resection
tumors in the circulating blood
malignancies that present as free-floating
109
radioactive contamination
emergency situations where the general public could be majorly exposed, must be aware of emergency plans to deal with this situation
110
radioactive dispersal device "dirty bomb"
radioactive source mixed with explosives to contaminate an area.
111
decontamination process
removal contaminated clothing and immerse self in a shower, rinse wounds with radioactive material with water before getting medical attention
112
geiger-muller detector
ghost-buster gun that detects radiation levels or contamination
113
EPA or environmental protection agency suggests doseage during an emergency is...
non-lifesaving activities are done with less than 50 msv per event
life saving is 250 msv per event
114
surface contamination of patient means we should...
wear gloves, gown, mask, basic PPE same as infection spread prevention
115
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 0.05
none
116
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 0.15
none but ossible chromosomal aberrations in culter peripheral blood lymphocytes
117
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 0.5
no symptoms but possible minor decrease in WBC and platelets
118
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 1
nausea and vomit in 10% of patient within 48 hours
119
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 2
nausea and vomitting in 50% within 24 hr with WBC and PLTLT decrease
120
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 4
Naus and vom in 90% within 12 hr and diarhea in 10% within 8 hr, 50% mortality w/o treatment
121
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 6
100% mortality witin 30 days due to bone marrow replace fail
122
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects 10
approximate dose that's survivable with best medical therapy available
123
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects >10-30
naus and vomit in all persons less than 5 min; severe GI damage, death likely in 2-3 weeks w/o treated
124
whole body Gy absorbed dose effects >30
cardiovascular collapse and CNS damage with death in 24-72 hours
125
internal contamination event strategies
dilution (forced fluids)
blocking absorption in GI tract (charcoal, laxatives, emetics)
potassium iodide can be given to block radioactive iodine in thyroid
Xray School Cards
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
Patient Care138
-
Pre Fall 2025394
-
1+2 Radiobiology63
-
Alimentary Canal A&P157
-
Computerized imaging34
-
3+4 Radiobiology73
-
HESI Practice Questions0
-
Anatomy Exam 246
-
Physics 5 + 6103
-
Anatomy Exam 393
-
Physics 7+8111
-
Biliary system test23
-
Urinary system test81
-
Chapter 9 + 1060
-
Section 2 Computed Imaging29
-
Section 3 Computed Imaging61
-
Chapter 11+12 Study55
-
Chapter 15 + 16125
-
reproductive unit22
-
Anatomy Final25
-
physics radiobio final prep cards67
-
Total REVIEW65
-
Quality53
-
Quality SECTION 26
-
Patient Care REVIEW83
-
Safety REVIEW104
-
Image Production Review215
-
Medical Terms77
-
Procedures Flash CARDS208
-
Review COVERAGE273
