1
Q
radiation limit occupational
A
50 MSV
2
Q
Requirements for personal monitoring (3)
A
Dosimeter, limit annually, create awareness of monitoring devices and functions
3
Q
When are dosimeters administered.
A
If the worker is likely to receive 10% of the occupational dose age limit monthly (0.05 MSP)
4
Q
Where is dosimeter put
A
By thyroid or on collarbone
5
Q
With lead where should dosimeter be put
A
On collar level outside lead
6
Q
What is the annual limit for extremities dosage?
A
500 MSv
7
Q
second dosimeter is worn where
A
3 inches from under a lead apron at waist level. Monitor for about 10 months
8
Q
Is the dosimeter a true reading of doseage?
A
No
9
Q
What is a ring monitor used for
A
It is a TLD thermoluminescent detector to mointor doseage of hands under the beam (mostly used for nuclear medicine)
10
Q
What is a TLD dosimeter
A
Thermoluminescent detector that is reuseable like a psp plate use heat to bring back to normal
11
Q
Characteristics of dosimeters
A
-lightweight
-cheap
-durable
-reliable in detection of small and large doseage
12
Q
OSL detector read how
A
Use a laser to bring back to ground state
13
Q
Direct ion storage dosimeter,
A
small ionization chamber connected to a solid state device that can read dose immediately like a flash drive plug in
14
Q
What is deep eye and shallow dose
A
15
Q
What do all batches of dosimeters come with
A
Control monitor
16
Q
Types of survey instruments
A
Gas filled radiation instruments
Ionization chamber type survey meter (cutie pie)
Promotional counter
Geiger muller (GM) detector
17
Q
What part of the X-ray taking process uses an ionization chamber
A
AEC chambers
18
Q
Scintillation counter detects…
A
Alph bet neut
19
Q
Geiger detects
A
Alph bet gam
20
Q
Ion chamber detects..
A
Bet gam X-ray
21
Q
Who said this u think ur a human but ur not, you’re just a thing made up of a bunch of little things
A
Shane
22
Q
The cell types are
A
Somatic - make up everything but reproduction (don’t need a second cell with them to reproduce)
Germ - reproduction
23
Q
The cell can…
A
- be Mature, and be highly specialized and have predetermined tasks
-Can move grow react protect self and repair damage and regulate processes and reproduce
-Perform many diverse processes of the body
-Exist in multiple different forms
24
Q
Ionizing radiation DMZ bing the components of the cell involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair causes…
A
Cell death
Cell abnormal function
25
Two ways radiation kills cells
-Apoptosis (interphase death, cell couldn’t complete mitosis so it gave up)
-Radiation induced reproductive failure (radiation inhibits mitosis so it gave up)
-Mutogenisis (cGy WAY MORE THAN mGy and changes species)
-Chromosomal aberration (unstable/stable)
-Neoplastic transformation (cancer from single cell, cancer never stops replicating)
26
Mitosis phases
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
27
Cell replication process
Interphase (sub)
Mitosis
interphase (sub)
28
Protoplasm
Living things in the cell; Chemical building material for all living things
-organic (carbon) and inorganic (salt and water) compounds
29
Cell Organic compounds
Cell parts with carbon (must have to be organic)
Protein
Lipid
Carbs
Nucleic acid
30
Inorganic compounds
No carbon parts of cell
Acids bases and salts or electrolytes
Water and mineral salts = most important
Water is 80-85% of weight
***check slides***
31
Chemical makeup of cell
Protoplasm
Organic parts
Inorganic parts
32
What cell part mends damaged molecules and cells the cell recover from radiation
Repair enzymes
33
Protein contains…
Most carbon of all organic compounds
34
% makeup of protoplasm
80-85% water
15% protein
2% lipid
1% nucleic acid and 1% carbs
35
Carbs are…
Starches and sugars (saccharides)
Short term energy
Most abundant in liver and muscle
36
Purpose of carbs
Provide fuel for metabolism
37
Nucleic acids are made of
nucleotides
38
Nucleic acids in genetics
DNA and RNA
39
What are Nucleic acids
Very large complex macromolecules
40
Chewing gum apple trees stands for what with dna molecules that link together…
Cytosine guanin Ademine thiamine
Uracil is for RNA and takes thyamines place
41
DNA is attached how
Hydrogen bonds that attach at the base
42
What does dna contain/carry
Template for replicating the cell
All information the cell needs for functioning
43
Function of water
Inside cell:
Solvent
Medium
Outside cell:
Transport vehicle
Body core temperature maintenance (37 degrees Celsius)
Lubricates the digestive system
Protects brain and lungsn
44
Cell components - location
Membrane -cytoplasm
Endoplasmic recticulum Golgi apparatus -cytoplasm
Mitochondria -cytoplasm
Lysosomes -cytoplasm
Ribosomes -cytoplasm
Centrosomes -cytoplasm
Nucleus -nucleus/cytoplasm
DNA -nucleus
Nulcleolus -nucleus
45
Two types of cell division for somatic and germ cells
Mitosis (somatic)
Meiosis (germ)
46
Interphase is
Grow cell 90-96% of total cell time
47
Mitosis is
Dividing the cell
48
Which phase of cell life cycle is most sensitive to radiation
Metaphase
49
three different filters are incorporated into the detector packet of the Optically stimulated luminescense dosimeter. what are these made of?
aluminum, tin, and copper
50
What happens during each phase of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
51
What happens different in meiosis
Mitosis but there’s a secondary division of the 2 cells created and their genes are split in half not replicated
52
What is bergonie and tribondeaus law
Immature cells are more sensitive
Cell sensitivity based on mitosis/metabolism (more frequent divide = more sensitive)
Longer they divide for the more sensitive
Cell function highly specialized = less division = less sensitive
53
Single strand break
Dna breaks in one helix
54
Double strand break
Dna breaks in both helix
55
M phase is the most radio …… of the cell duplication
Sensitive
56
More oxygen means more/less sensitivity to radiation
More
57
what do optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters, thermoluminescent dosimeters, pocket ionization chambers, and digital ionization dosimeters have in common?
These devices are all for personal monitoring of doseage
58
which of the following devices contains an aluminum oxide detector?
OSL type dosimeter
59
what personal dosimeter resembles an ordinary fountain pen externally?
pocket ionization chamber
60
what component of the guiger-muller survey meter alerts the operator to the prescense of ionizing radiation?
speaker and audio amplifier
(this is the machine that makes the beep/click noises faster with radiation present)
61
What are the requirements that radiation survery instruments must meet?
Interact with ionizing radiation similar to the the way human tissue reacts.
They should be able to detect all common types of ionizing radiation.
They should be calibrated annually to ensure accurate
62
The digital ionization does seminar provides an instant readout of dose information when connected to a computer via a connector such as a
Universal serial bus ( USB )
63
Three different filters are incorporated into the detector of the OSL dosimeter what are those filters made of
Aluminum copper and Tin
64
And ionization chamber connected to an electrometer is a device that can measure
Tiny electrical currents caused by ionizing radiation
65
Whenever the letter M appears under the current monitoring. Or in The accumulative Columns of a personal monitoring report is signifies that
The equivalent doses below the minimum measurable dose radiation quantity that can be recorded
66
What can the human cells do
Move, bro, react, protect themselves, repair damage, regulate life processes, and reproduce
67
Inorganic materials are compounds that...
Don't contain carbon
68
The steps or wrongs of the DNA ladder structure consists of chemicals made of what
Pairs of nitrogenous bases
69
serves as a prototype for messenger RNA
DNA
70
In the human body mineral salts are necessary for what three things
Proper cell function, creation of energy, conduction of impulses along nerves
71
Cytazine bonds only with
Guanine
72
Adenine bonds only with
Thymine or uracil in mRNA
73
Which of the following is considered to be acellular tissue
Hair and nails
74
During my ptosis which phase of the cellular life cycle is the actual DNA synthesis period
S
75
Doing what phase of mitosis are centromere severed followed by sister chromatids moving apart and are subsequently pulled toward opposite poles of the mitotic spindle?
Anaphase
76
What is the maximum period of time that a TLD dosimator can be worn as a personal device
3 months
77
What instrument has a check source of weak long-lived radioisotope on one side of its external surface
Geiger Mueller survey meter
78
What happens when a thermaloon essentiometer is irradiated
Some of the electrons in the crystalline lattice structure of the l i f molecule absorb energy and are excited to higher levels or bands
79
Because of the osl dosimeters sensitivity for low radiation range what type of workers is it excellent and practical for
Employees working at low radiation environments and Pregnant workers
80
What are the advantages of a personal directive ion storage disorder
Lightweight and durable
instant access to reports
81
How is the readout for a personal direct ion storage dosimeter obtained
Through a physical connecting device such as a USB or Wireless connection
82
Disadvantages of the TLD ring dosimeter
The readout process destroys information stored in the ring thus preventing the Reed from serving as permanent legal record of exposure
Readings will be lost if not carefully recorded
Calibrated dosimeters must be prepared beforehand and red with each group of tlds as processed
83
The optically simulated luminescence dosimeter is read out by using what..
Laser light at selected frequencies
84
Advantages of OSL dosimeter
Can be used for what up to one year, lightweight durable and easy to carry, self-contained preloaded packet
85
Antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called
B lymphocytes
86
Which compounds of the DNA are purines
Adenine and guanine
87
Pyrimadines in dna
Uracil, thymine, cytosine
88
Building blocks of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
89
Cell components containing centrioles
Centrosomes
90
What do highly organized enzymes in the inner membranes of the mitochondria breakdown
Carbs fats and proteins
91
What sub phase of mitosis has centrioles on opposite sides of the cell and regulating the formation of the mitotic spindle
Prophase
92
What can cause an increase in cellular activity that in turn causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell in stressful situations
Enzymes
93
Cytosine bonds only with
Guanine
94
What should the constant core temperature of the human body be in Celsius
37
95
Lysosomes are sometimes referred to as suicide bags because their enzymes break down and Digest everything including the cell itself. Exposure to radiation can induce a lysosomal rupture. What will lysosomal will rupture due to a cell?
Make it likely to die
96
What is a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons called
Oxidation
97
What is a highly coiled strand that is one of two duplicated portions of DNA in a chromosome that appears during cell division
Chromatid
98
Fraternal twins may be referred to as.. and identical twins will be referred to as..
Dizygotic twins
Monozygodic twins
99
What is the period of cell growth that occurs before mitosis called
Interphase
100
Telophase process
After anaphase, the portion in which the cell is actually dividing and everything's on either side.
101
Metaphase process
All the chromosomes meet in the middle
102
G1 G2 and S phase before M phase process and Order
G1 - growth
Interphase (S - duplication G2 - final checks and growth)
M -mitosis (PMAT)
103
What is G0 in cell duplication
Cell stops duplicating because something is trying to kill it
(Ground zero, been arrested by the popo aka cells)
Xray School Cards
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Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
Patient Care138
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Pre Fall 2025394
-
1+2 Radiobiology63
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Alimentary Canal A&P157
-
Computerized imaging34
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3+4 Radiobiology73
-
HESI Practice Questions0
-
Anatomy Exam 246
-
Physics 5 + 6103
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Anatomy Exam 393
-
Physics 7+8111
-
Biliary system test23
-
Urinary system test81
-
Chapter 9 + 1060
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Section 2 Computed Imaging29
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Section 3 Computed Imaging61
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Chapter 11+12 Study55
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Chapter 15 + 16125
-
reproductive unit22
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Anatomy Final25
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physics radiobio final prep cards67
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Total REVIEW65
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Quality53
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Quality SECTION 26
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Patient Care REVIEW83
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