Xray School Cards > Chapter 9 + 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 + 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute risk

A

A specific # of malignancies will occur as a result of exposure

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2
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

(Tumorigenesis) formation of cancer. Stochastic.

Random occurence with no thresh.

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3
Q

Cataractogenesis

A

Generation of cataracts. Stochastic.

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4
Q

Doubling dose
Mean value

A

The radiation dose that causes the # of spontaneous mutations occuring in a given generation to increase to 2x their original occurance.

Mean value of 1.56 mSv

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5
Q

Embryologic effects (birth defects)

A

Birth defects caused by cancer. It is a type of late effect

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6
Q

Epidemiology

A

Science that deals with the incidence distributuon and control of disease in a population.

Finds that benefit of info gained greatly outweighs theoretical risk.

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7
Q

Genetic effects

A

Biologic consequences of ionizing radiation on future generations

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8
Q

Latw tissue reactions and how they are demonstrated graphically

A

Demonstrated graphically through the use of a LT curve of rad. Dose response

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9
Q

Linear threshold curve

A

If the absorbed dose is doubled, biologic response probability and actual occurence also double

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10
Q

Linear-quadratic nonthreshold curve is an improved reflection of what

And health concerns that follow this curve

A

LQNT DR
Improved reflection of stochastic and genetic effects at low dose levels from low LET radiation

Leukemia
Breast cancer
Heritable damage

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11
Q

Nonthreshold

A

Can happen at any level of exposure

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12
Q

Organogenesis

A

2nd gestation stages 10 days after conception to 12 weeks

  1. Preimplant
  2. Fetal stage
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13
Q

Radiation dose-response relationship

A

A curve that maps the observed effects of radiation exposure in relation to the dose of radiation recieved.
“Effect” may be incidence of disease

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14
Q

Relative risk

A

Model predicts # of excess cancers will increase as natural cancer incidence increases with advance in population age.

(Predicts with incidence not specific #)

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15
Q

Sigmoid or s shaped threshold curve

A

This is part of the radiation dose-response relationship.

Used in radiation therapy

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16
Q

Stoachstic effects

A

Cancer
Cataracts
Etc.

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17
Q

Threshold

A

Point or level at which a response or reaction to an increasing stimulation occurs.

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18
Q

Late effects are…

A

Long term rad exposure effects that appear months or years afterwards.

Cataracts
Leukemia
Genwtic mutation

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19
Q

What acute reactions are demonstrated through LT DR or linear threshold dose response curve?

A

Erythema and hematologic depression

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20
Q

Health concerns that follow the DR curve for LQNT DR

A

Leukemia, breast cancer, heritable damage

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21
Q

What are teratogenic effects

A

Effects of radiation on the embryo-fetus in utero that depend on the fetal stage of development and the radiation dose recieved.

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22
Q

What is low level LET doseage

A

0.1 Sv or less delivered over a short time
And
0.5 sv in 10 years (over a long time)

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23
Q

Three major types of late effects

A

Carcinogenisis -stochastic
Cataractogensis -stochastic
Embryologic effects (birth defects) - late tissue

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24
Q

Human evidence incidences for Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Radium watch painters 1920 and 1930
  2. Uranium miners 1950 and 1960
  3. Early medical radiation worjers 1910
  4. Japan atomic bomb survivors
  5. Patients with benign postpartum mastitis who were given radiation therapy treatment
  6. Evacuees from cherynobl in 1986
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25
Mutagens
Agent of genetic mutations (Viruses, multiple specific chemicals)
26
Dominant vs recessive point mutations
Dminant = probably expressed Recessive = probably not expressed Point mutations = genetic mutations at molecular level
27
What is random effect of ionizing radiation also known as
Stochastic event
28
What agency was previously known as the atomic energy Commission
NRC
29
How do you calculate cumulative effective dose for the whole body based on age
Age multiplied by 10 mSv 46 yrs = 460 mSv
30
The main function of the NRC is to do what
Oversee the nuclear energy industry
31
Effective dose limiting system supersedes what system
The maximum permissible dose system
32
Elara adopts a conservative model with respect to what relationship
The relationship between ionizing radiation and potential risk
33
If a certain dose of radiation produces a skin burn a higher dose of radiation will cause a severe skin burn but a dose below the threshold for skin burn will do what
Not demonstrate the effect
34
What does the cumulative effective dose include
Radiation exposure received while patients get Imaging procedures done by radiographers
35
The responsibility for maintaining radiation monitoring our Courts for all personnel and for providing counseling for individuals who receive monitoring readings and excess of allowable limits belongs to who
Designated radiation safety officer
36
Effective dose limits may be specified for what parts of the body
The whole body, partial body, and individual organs
37
Radiation induced cataracts in humans follow a ____ dose response relationship
Threshold, nonlinear (curved/quadratic)
38
Between cancer, birth defects, cataract formation which late affect caused by exposure to radiation is considered the most important
Cancer which is a stochastic effect
39
In which of the following human populations is the risk of causing radiation induced cancer not measurable? 1. Cherynobl radiation accisent victims 2. Atomic bomb survivors 3. All patients in diagnostic radiology getting a dose of less than 0.1 msv
3
40
Existing data on radiation induced genetic effects in humans is both
Contradictory and inconclusive
41
What do agents such as specific chemicals and ionizing radiation have in common with viruses?
They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations
42
What is the source of low level radiation exposure
X-rays, radioactive materials used for Diagnostic purposes, employment related exposure and medicine and industry, and natural background radiation
43
After the Chernobyl disaster and patients were overdosed on iodine 131 what was administered to block the uptake of iodine 131
Potassium iodide
44
The term linear non threshold relationship implies that the biologic response to ionizing radiation is proportional how?
Directly proportional to the dose all the way down to levels approaching zero
45
What does linear relationship mean?
The biological responses proportional to the radiation dose
46
What does non threshold relationship mean
Any radiation is harmful
47
Annual efd limit
50 msv (5 rem)
48
Cumulatuve efd limit
10 msv (1 rem) × age in years
49
150 msv is the efd for what organ
Lens of eye
50
Localized skin hands and feet occupational exposure
500 mSv
51
Embryo and fetus eqd exposure monthly and entire gestation limit
Monthly - 0.5 mSv Entire - 5.0 mSv
52
Annual negligible dose
0.01 mSv
53
Radiation induced genetic abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to
DNA molecules in the sperm or OVA of an adult
54
Some mutations and genetic material occur spontaneously, without a known cause. And humans, a hereditary disorder is present in approximately how many of all live births in the United states?
10%
55
Radium decays with a half life of
1622 years
56
Trading postpartum patients with ionizing radiation for mastitis proved that radiation does what
Can cause breast cancer
57
What is a random effect of ionizing radiation also known as
Stochastic event
58
Epidemiologic studies of an atomic bomb Survivor exposed in utero show that the dose dependent increase in the incidence of severe intellectual disability for fetal doses is higher than how much sv?
0.4
59
The primary function of the NRC or nuclear Regulatory Commission is what
Oversee the nuclear energy industry
60
What is the theory of radiation hormesis
That there exists a beneficial result in groups of individuals from continuing exposure to small amounts of ionizing radiation
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