chapter part 3

Question 1

endothelium 1

Answer 1

Smooth: reduce friction

Question 2

folds 1

Answer 2

in transitional epithelium where organ must be able to change shape; urinary
bladder.

Question 3

cell connections 1

Answer 3

Found on lateral and basal
surfaces of cells.
* Functions:
* Form permeability layer.
* Bind cells together.
* Provide mechanism for
intercellular communication.
* Types:
* Desmosomes and
hemidesmosomes.
* Tight junctions.
* Adhesion belt.
* Gap junctions.

Question 4

desmosomes 1

Answer 4

disk-shaped regions of cell membrane; often found in
areas that are subjected to stress.
* Consists of an especially adhesive material between the cells and
intermediate protein filaments that extend into cytoplasm of cells.
* Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin.

Question 5

hemidesmosomes 1

Answer 5

half of a desmosome; attach epithelial cells to
basement membrane preventing movement of the tissue.

Question 6

tight junctions 1

Answer 6

hold cells together, form permeability barrier.

Question 7

adhesions belts 1

Answer 7

found just below tight junctions that help anchor
epithelial cells to each other to prevent passage of materials between
cells; provides additional strength to the tight junctions.

Question 8

Gap junctions 1

Answer 8

protein channels aid intercellular
communication.
Allows ions and small molecules to pass through.
Function in epithelium is unclear.

Question 9

glands 1

Answer 9

Specialized secretory organs of epithelium with supporting
network of C.T.
* Two types of glands formed by infolding of epithelium:
* Endocrine: no open contact with exterior; no ducts; have an extensive network of blood vessels; produce hormones.
* Exocrine: open contact maintained with exterior by way ducts that open onto the free surface of the epithelium.
Exocrine glands classified either by structure of the duct, structure of the secretory portion, and by the method of secretion.

Question 10

unicellular glands 1

Answer 10

single cell, For example, goblet cells that
secrete mucus.

Question 11

simple glands 1

Answer 11

• Multicellular glands with a single, nonbranched duct.
• Secretory portion can be tubular or acinar (sac-like)
• Includes simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple acinar,
  and simple branched acinar

Question 12

compound glands

Answer 12

• Multicellular glands with ducts with many branches.
• Secretory portion may be tubular, acinar or both.
• Includes compound tubular, compound acinar, and compound tubuloacinar.

Question 13

merocrine

Answer 13

MODES OF EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETION
exocytosis (most common type).

Question 14

apocrine

Answer 14

MODES OF EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETION
pinched off fragments of gland cells; mammary
glands and ceruminous glands.

Question 15

holocrine

Answer 15

MODES OF EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETION
shedding of entire cells; sebaceous glands

Question 16

connective tissue

Answer 16

• Abundant; found in every organ.
• Consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix.
• Many diverse types and functions

Question 17

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 17

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* Enclose organs and separate organs into layers.
* Connect tissues to one another; for example, tendons and
ligaments.
* Support and movement; for example, bones.
* Storage; for example, fat.
* Cushion and insulate; for example, fat.
* Transport; for example, blood.
* Protect; for example, cells of immune system.

Question 18

CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Answer 18

• Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix.
• Descriptive word stems.
• Blasts: create the matrix.
• Cytes: maintain the matrix.
• Clasts: break the matrix down for remodeling

Question 19

C.T.

Answer 19

CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* C.T. cells that form the structural framework of the body include bone cells, cartilage cells, and fibrous tissue cells.

Question 20

osteoblasts

Answer 20

CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain it, and osteoclasts break it down.

Question 21

chondroblasts

Answer 21

CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* Chondroblasts form cartilage and chondrocytes maintain it.

Question 22

fibroblasts

Answer 22

CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* Fibroblasts form fibrous connective tissue and fibrocytes maintain it