CM Flashcards by Eunice Danica Fe

reagent strip principle
protein

protein error of indicator

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reagent strip principle
glucose

double enzyme
glucose oxidase + peroxidase

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explanation of positive copper reduction with negative strip

other reducing sugars

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reagent strip principle
ketone

sodium nitroprusside
purple
specific for acetoacetic acid

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ketones false positive

levodopa, highly pigmented urine

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reagent strip principle
blood

pseudoperoxidase

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reagent strip principle
bilirubin

Diazo

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tablet for bilirubin

ictotest

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reagent strip principle
urobilinogen

Ehrlich’s reaction
para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

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false negative for urobilinogen

formalin, nitrite

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reagent strip principle
Nitrite

Griess reaction

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reagent strip principle
leukocyte

leukocyte esterase

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reagent strip principle
specific gravity

pKa change of polyelectrolyte

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reagent strip principle
pH

double indicator

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added to lyse RBC

2% acetic acid

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major comp. of urine cast

uromodulin (Tamm Horsfall protein)

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aka renal failure cast

waxy cast

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crystals in acidic urine

amorphous urate
cal ox
uric acid

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dumbbell

calcium carbonate
calcium oxalate

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thorn apple

ammonium biurate

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coffin lid

triple phosphate

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abnormal crystals

bilirubin
cystine
cholesterol
leucine
tyrosine (liver dse when with leucine)
sulfonamide
radiographic dye
ampicillin
hippuric acid

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specimen for PT

first morning

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normal crea clearance

120ml/min

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marker of renal tubular function

B2 microglobulin

CSF tubes order

1 - chem 2 - micro 3 - hema 4 - others

ratio of CSF:serum albumin

<1:230

elevated in hepatic encephalopathy

CSF glutamine

hypoglycorrhachia

<30% bacterial meningitis

IgG index

CSF:serum IgG / CSF:serum albumin

WBC correction in traumatic tap

= CSF WBC - (CSF RBC x peripheral WBC/RBC)

decreased glucose in viral characteristic of

HSV encephalitis

Light’s criteria

pleural fluid:serum protein >0.5 LD >0.6 pleural fluid LD >2/3 of upper limit of serum LD

exudate

pleural fluid:serum chole ratio >0.3 pleural fluid chole > 45mg/dl pleural fluid:serum bili ratio >0.6 serum-pleural albumin gradient <1.2g/dl

empyema

>100k neuts/ml pH <7.2 low glucose bacteria on gram stain

tuberculous effusion

ADA 40U/L

rheumatoid arthritis

low ph <7.2 LD >700 glucose <30

SAAG portal hypertension

> 1.1 g/dl

polyuria

>2L/day

nocturia oliguria

>500ml at night with SG <1.018 <500ml/day

normal SG

1.016 - 1.022 (1.003-1.035)

hyposthenuria isothenuria -

< 1.007 1.010

urinometer correction for C, protein, glucose

0.001 for each 3 C (direct correlation) 0.003 for each 1g/dl protein 0.004 for each 1 g/dl glucose calib temp usually 15C/60F

ph of urine indicators

6 (4.6 to 8) methyl red and bromothymol blue

proteinuria

minimal <1 g/day moderate 1-4 g/day heavy >4 g/day

sulfosalicylic acid precipitation for protein ratio and grading

3ml supernatant urine + 3ml 3% SSA neg - none <5mg/dl trace - perceptible 20mg/dl +1 - distinct, no granulation 50mg/dl +2 - granulation, no flocculation 200mg/dl +3 - gran and floc 500mg/dl +4 - clumps or solid >1g/dl

urates and uric acid dissolve at what temp

cause white, pink, or orange cloud 60C in alkali

phosphates and carbonates soluble in

dilute acetic acid

odor of 1. cystinuria 2. hawkinsinuria 3. isovaleric acid and glutaric acidemia 4. methionine malabsorption 5. trimethylaminuria 6. tyrosinemia

1. rotten egg 2. swimming pool 3. sweaty feet 4. cabbage 5. rotting fish 6. rancid

osmolality of urine

500-850 mOsm/kg water (800-1400) after dehydration, 3-4x that of plasma

bence jones proteins precipitates and redissolves at what temp

40-60C 100C

pass through phenomenon occurs if

5 drop- more than 2g/dl sugar turns greenish brown 2 drop- more than 5g/dl

acetest will detect

5-10mg of acetoacetic acid 20-25mg of acetone per dl of urine

up to __ mg of acetoacetate per dl without clinical symptoms of ketosis

microscopic hematuria

>3 RBC/hpf

plasma appears pink at ___ mg/dl hemoglobin

cause of hemoglobinuria

severe intravascular hge

test to differentiate porphobilinogen and urobilinogen

Watson-Schwartz test pink color above - urobilinogen lower - porphobilinogen

abnormal in urine RBC eos lymphs, monos, histiocytes

RBC >3/hpf eos >1% lymphs, monos, histiocytes >30%

corrected protein in CSF

= CSF protein - (serum TP x (1- HCT)) x CSF RBC/peripheral RBC

CSF involvement of leukemia

WBC > 5 cells/uL with unequivocal blasts

semen reference per ejaculate neutral a-glucosidase zinc citric acid acid phosphatase

>20 mU >2.4 umol >52 umol >200 units

CM Flashcards

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