Cognition

Question 1

Affect theories - James-Lange Theory

Answer 1

Proposed that we experience emotion in responses to bodily changes in out body

Question 2

Affect theories - Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 2

Proposed that emotional experiences can be experienced independent of emotional expression
-focuses on emotion centred around the hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 3

What is the nature of emotion determined on?

Answer 3

Determined by the pattern of activation to the thalamus regardless of the physiological responses to the sensory input

Question 4

Limbic systems

Answer 4

-hippocampal formation
-amygdala
-cortical areas - prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex
-nucleus accumbens
-thalamus
-hypothalamus

Question 5

Limbic system - hippocampal formation

Answer 5

-forming new episodic and declarative memories, consolidating short-term memories into long-term storage and spatial navigation

Question 6

Limbic system - amygdala role

Answer 6

Fear related learning

Question 7

Limbic system - nucleus accumbens

Answer 7

Reward based learning

Question 8

Limbic system - thalamus role

Answer 8

Sensory info

Question 9

Limbic system - hypothalamus role

Answer 9

Systemic info - smell

Question 10

Name limbic system structures 1-6

Answer 10

1.neocortex
2.fornix
3.hippocampus
4.hypothalamus
5.anterior nuclei of thalamus
6.cingulate cortex

Question 11

Name 1-5 of emotive processing of limbic system

Answer 11

1.neocortex
2.cingulate cortex
3.hippocampus
4.hypothalamus
5.anterior nuclei of thalamus

Question 12

Associative learning

Answer 12

Learning the cues that signify reward

Question 13

Incentive salience

Answer 13

The motivation to seek out the reward - “wanting”

Question 14

Hedonia

Answer 14

The emotional “hedonic” experience of pleasure after achieving the reward - “liking”

Question 15

What elects are there in the reward system?

Answer 15

Conscious and unconscious elements

Question 16

Pavlov dog experiment - unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 16

Food promotes salivation

Question 17

Pavlov dog experiment - conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 17

Bell (neutral stimulus) is associated with food and promotes salivation (learned association)

Question 18

Learned association

Answer 18

Evokes a response to the conditioners stimulus predicting reward
-no behavioural element in the response

Question 19

Neutral operant

Answer 19

No increase/decrease in chances of repeated behaviour

Question 20

Positive/negative reinforcer operant

Answer 20

Increase chances of repeated behaviour

Question 21

Punished operant

Answer 21

Decreases chances of repeated behaviour

Question 22

Name components involved in dopamine and serotonin pathways

Answer 22

1.frontal cortex
2.nucleus accumbens
3.VTA
4.raphe nucleus
5.hippocampus
6.substantia nigra
7.striatum

Question 23

Dopamine pathways functions

Answer 23

-reward (motivation)
-pleasure, euphoria
-motor function (fine tuning)
-compulsion
-preservation

Question 24

Sensory pathways functions

Answer 24

-mood
-memory processing
-sleep
-cognition

Question 25

Where is the ventral tegmental area (VTA) located?

Answer 25

In the midbrain

Question 26

What is the role of the VTA

Answer 26

“Learning centre”

Question 27

What resides in the VTA?

Answer 27

Dopaminergic cell bodies reside in the VTA

Question 28

Name of dopaminergic projections to nucleus accumbens

Answer 28

Mesolimbic pathway -originates in VTA -crucial for incentive salience and reward-related motor function

Question 29

Name of dopaminergic projections to the cortex

Answer 29

Mesocortical pathway -originates in VTA and projects to cortical areas, particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Question 30

2 states dopamine sits in

Answer 30

-tonic firing -phasic firing

Question 31

Tonic firing of dopamine neurones

Answer 31

-baseline spike activity -not sufficient to evoke a response in the postsynaptic neurone

Question 32

Phasic firing of dopamine neurones

Answer 32

-burst spike activity -leads to release of dopamine at the presynaptic neurone and activation of dopamine receptors on postsynaptic neurone

Question 33

Name 1+2 of firing of dopamine neurones

Answer 33

1.tonic 2.phasic

Question 34

Diagram of motivation and reward dopamine firing

Answer 34

Question 35

Dopamine firing in the VTA and reward prediction error

Answer 35

Dopamine diring in the VTA coincides with reward prediction error -if reward outcome is correct, no firing occurs as no learning is necessary -if reward outcome is incorrrect, dopamine fires and codes new cues to predict reward -VTA involved in learning cues for reward

Question 36

How can certain types of stress affect dopamine firing response?

Answer 36

-increase tonic dopamine firing -reduce reward response -chronic stress can lead to anhedonia and depression

Question 37

Effect of hedonia on VTA and NAc

Answer 37

-hedonia releases opioids in the VTA and NAc -hedonic hotspots include part of the NAc shell -opioids bind to opioid G-protein couple receptors -opioids also act as analgesics

Question 38

Diagram of effect of opioid on pain and pleasure

Answer 38

Question 39

Intrinsic rewards

Answer 39

Food, drink, love

Question 40

Extrinsic rewards

Answer 40

Life goals, earning money etc.

Question 41

How does the brain decide which rewards to pursue?

Answer 41

-includes orbitofrontal cortex and medial prefrontal cortex -orbitofrontal cortex more related to “safe” behaviour -nucleus accumbens more related to “risky” behaviour

Question 42

Name orange and yellow pathways

Answer 42

-mesolimbic DA -mesocortical DA

Question 43

Auditory fear conditioning - auditory pathway

Answer 43

-organism must be able to detect sound thus the audits pathway and its central components play a significant part in this type of conditioning

Question 44

Auditory fear conditioning - somatosensory pathway

Answer 44

Within auditory fear conditioning, the neural stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are administered simultaneously When the electric shock (US) is given, it results in the activation of the somatosensory pathway in response to pain

Question 45

Name 1-5 of auditory fear conditioning pathway

Answer 45

1.thalamo-cortico-amygdala route 2.thalamo-amygdala route 3.defense behaviour 4.autonomic nervous system 5.HPA axis - cortisol