Anatomy and Physiology > Peripheral Nerves > Flashcards

Peripheral Nerves Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

PNS

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
-nerves arise from the brain and spinal cord
-dorsal (afferent) and ventral (efferent) roots
-made up of many axons

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3
Q

Plexus

A

Branching network where nerve fibres from different spinal segments cross over and combine so that all fibres going to a specific body part are together in one nerve - like an electrical junction box

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4
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies

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5
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Autonomic ‘rest and digest’

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6
Q

Sympathetic

A

Autonomic ‘fight or flight’

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7
Q

Decussate

A

Cross over to the other side ‘X’

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8
Q

Name cranial nerves

A

I.olfactory
II.optic
III.oculomotor
IV.trochlear
V.trigeminal
VI.abducens
VII.facial
VIII.vestibulocochlear
IX.glossopharyngeal
X.vagus
XI.accessory
XII.hypoglossal

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9
Q

Name cranial nerves

A

I.olfactory
II.optic
III.oculomotor
IV.trochlear
V.trigeminal
VI.abducens
VII.facial
VIII.vestibulocochlear
IX.glossopharyngeal
X.vagus
XI.accessory
XII.hypoglossal

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10
Q

Cranial nerve distribution - name cranial nerves

A

I.olfactory
II.optic
III.oculomotor
IV.trochlear
V.trigeminal
VI.abducens
VII.facial
VIII.vestibulocochlear
IX.glossopharyngeal
X.vagus
XI.accessory
XII.hypoglossal

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11
Q

What composition can cranial nerves be?

A

-purely sensory (S)
-purely motor (M)
-mixed (B)

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12
Q

Olfactory nerve function

A

Special sense of smell

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13
Q

Olfactory nerve - motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

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14
Q

Optic nerve function

A

Vision

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15
Q

Optic nerve - motor or sensory?

A

Sensory

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16
Q

Oculomotor nerve function

A

Movement of eye and pupil

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17
Q

Oculomotor nerve - motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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18
Q

Trochlear nerve function

A

Movement of eye

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19
Q

Trochlear nerve - motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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20
Q

Trigeminal nerve function

A

Sensation of the face, motor to muscles of mastication

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21
Q

Trigeminal nerve - motor or sensory?

A

Motor and sensory

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22
Q

Abducens nerve function

A

Movement of the eye

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23
Q

Abducens nerve - motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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24
Q

Facial nerve function

A

Facial expressions, special sense of taste

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25
Facial nerve - motor or sensory?
Motor and sensory
26
Vestibulocohlear nerve function
Hearing and balance
27
Vestibulocochlear nerve - motor or sensory?
Sensory
28
Glossopharyngeal nerve function
Sensation to pharynx, tongue, including taste and swallowing
29
Glossopharyngeal nerve - motor or sensory?
Motor and sensory
30
Vagus nerve function
Larynx, heart, viscera of GI tract
31
Vagus nerve - motor or sensory?
Motor and sensory
32
Accessory nerve function
Movement of neck
33
Accessory nerve - motor or sensory?
Motor
34
Hypoglossal nerve function
Movement of tongue
35
Hypoglossal nerve - motor or sensory?
Motor
36
Olfactory nerve
-special sense of smell -chemical signals stimulate sensory cells in the nasal epithelium which generate an action potential -sensory afferent fibres to olfactory bulb via cribiform plate -olfactory bulb in Rostral forebrain (very well developed in dogs)
37
Name
Olfactory bulb
38
Optic nerve
-special sense of sight
39
How many neurons are in sequence for the optic nerve?
3
40
First neurone of optic nerve
-bipolar cell that receives information from the neuroepithelium of the retina
41
Second neurone of optic nerve
-ganglion cell -it’s axon continues through the optic chiasm and along the optic tract on the opposite side
42
Third neurone of optic nerve
-third neurone has its cell body in the lateral geniculate nucleus -its axons project through the optic cortex in the occipital cortex in what is called the optic radiation
43
How fibres decussate in cats and dogs?
66% fibres decussate in cats and 75% in dogs
44
Name of clinical test to test if optic nerve is working
Menace response
45
Name 1-8
1.temporal retina 2.nasal retina 3.optical lens 4.temporal retina 5.optic nerve 6.optic chiasma 7.lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 8.primary visual cortex
46
How does the pupillary light reflex work?
-light shine into one eye -this is detected by the retina and conveyed by the optic nerve through the optic chiasm and along the optic tract -parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve are stimulated to signal to the pupil via the ciliary ganglion and ciliary nerves to the muscles of the pupil
47
Name 1-6
1.Edinger-Westphal nucleus 2.pretectal area 3.optic tract 4.optic chiasm 5.optic nerve 6.ciliary ganglion
48
Trigeminal nerve
-sensory to head and motor fibres to facial structures -nuclei are in the area of the pons and medulla oblongata
49
3 primary branches of the Trigeminal nerve (V)
-ophthalmic nerve (V1) -maxillary nerve (V2) -mandibular nerve (V3)
50
What does the mandibular nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve innervate?
Innervation muscles of mastication
51
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
-passes through orbital fissure -sensory to orbit
52
Maxillary branch of Trigeminal nerve
-passes through round foramen and alar canal -enters infraorbital canal via maxillary foramen -sensory to upper eyelid, nasal mucosa, upper teeth and lip and nose -PS to lacrimal, nasal and palatine glands
53
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
-passes through oval foramen -sensory to cheek, lower lip, lower teeth, tongue and some skin of the head -motor to muscles of mastication, ventral throat and palate
54
Name 1-3 of branches of trigeminal nerve
1.opthalmic 2.maxillary 3.mandibular
55
Name branches of trigeminal nerve
Pink ( a and b) = opthalmic nerve Purple (c and d) = maxillary nerve Orange (e,f and g) = mandibular nerve
56
Analgesia of the trigeminal nerve - nerve blocks in dentistry
-infraorbital nerve block - V2 -mental nerve block -V3
57
Analgesia of the trigeminal nerve - nerve blocks for disbudding and de-horning
-corneal nerve block - V1
58
59
Name nerve
Cornual nerve
60
Name what is going on
Infraorbital nerve block
61
Name 1-7
1.infraorbital foramen 2.infraorbital nerve 3.maxillary nerve 4.round foramen 5.oval foramen 6.mandibular nerve 7.mental nerve
62
Facial nerve - motor
-muscles of facial expression -superficial muscles of head, external ear, caudal digastricus, stapedius, stylohyoideus and platysma
63
Facial nerve - parasympathetic
-glands (lacrimal, salivary and mucosal)
64
Facial nerve - special sense
-taste (chordae tympani branch to palate and Rostral 2/3 of tongue)
65
Name 1-4 of branches of facial nerve
1.dorsal buccal 2.auriculopalpebral 3.caudal auricular 4.ventral buccal
66
Paralysis of facial nerve - clinical signs
-inability to blink -drooping of face -dry eye Often unilateral Can be caused by ear infection
67
Name 1
Facial nerve
68
Vestibulocohlear nerve - vestibular root
-innervates hair cells of labyrinth -cell bodies in vestibular ganglion -afferent signals to brain on head position -balance
69
Vestibulocochlear nerve - cochlear root
-cell bodies in spiral ganglion -innervates hair cells in cochlear duct -special sense of hearing
70
Glossopharyngeal nerve branches
-cell bodies in nucleus ambiguous -branches into pharyngeal, lingual and tympanic nerves
71
Glossopharyngeal nerve - sensory parts
-pharynx -middle and external ear -caudal tongue -special sense of taste from caudal tongue
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Glossopharyngeal nerve - parasympathetic
-parotid and zygomatic salivary glands
73
Glossopharyngeal nerve - motor
Stylopharyngues muscle
74
Vagus nerve cell bodies
Cell bodies in nucleus ambiguous
75
Vagus nerve - motor
-larynx -pharynx -palate -oesophagus
76
Vagus nerve - sensory
-caudal tongue -pharynx and larynx -taste to epiglottis and palate
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Vagus nerve - parasympathetic
-thoracic and abdominal visceral
78
Different between sensory and motor
Sensory - carry signals towards the brain and spinal cord (afferent nerves) reporting on internal and external environmental stimuli Motor - carry commands away from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands
79
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (from vagus)
-branch of vagus nerve -provided motor innervation to intrinsic laryngeal muscles -branches in thoracic cavity and travels back up to larynx -left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aorta -injury can result in laryngeal paralysis (causes ‘roaring’ in horses
80
What nerve is this showing?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus nerve)
81
Accessory nerve
-passes through jugular foramen
82
What muscles is the accessory nerve motor to?
-trapezius (dorsal branch) -cleidocephalicus (dorsal branch) -sternocephalicus (ventral branch)
83
Hypoglossal nerve
-very caudal tongue brainstem -passes though hypoglossal canal -motor to muscles of the tongue
84
Name
Hypoglossal canal where hypoglossal nerve passes through
85
Autonomic innervation of the head
-cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X have parasympathetic components -no cranial nerves have sympathetic components -sympathetic innervation to the head travels up the neck from T1 and T2 via the cranial cervical ganglion to innervate pupil, lacrimal glands, salivary glands
86
Name 1-12 of brachial plexus
1.brachiocephalic n. C6-C7 2.suprascapular n. C6 (C7) 3.subscapular n. C6-C7 4.cranial pectoral n. C6-C8 5.axillary n. (C6) C7-C8 6.musculocutaneous n. C7 (C6-C8) 7.radial n. C7-T1 (T2) 8.median n. C7-T1 9.ulnar n. C8-T2 10.caudal pectoral non. C8-T1 11.lateral thoracic n. C8-T1 12.dorsal thoracic n. C6-C8
87
Suprascapular nerve location
-C6-C7 -leave brachial plexus, passes between supraspinous and subscapularis -winds round cranial neck of scapula to lateral aspect
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Suprascapular nerve innervation
Innervates supraspinous and infraspinatus muscles -prone to damage particularly in horses - Sweeny (can’t contract muscles if muscles aren’t innervated)
89
Name pink
Suprascapular nerve
90
Musculocutaneous nerve
-C7 (C6-C8) -passes through axilla -branches to supply Coracobrachialis and Biceps on the upper limb -communicates to median nerve -branches dismally to supply brachialis -crosses elbow to supply skin
91
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
Innervates flexors of the elbow
92
Injury of musculocutaneous nerve
Unlikely to be injured -dog would be weightbearing but unable to give paw
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Name pink
Musculocutaneous nerve
94
Radial nerve location
C6-T2 -divides between the heads of the triceps -spirals round the humerus to the cranial lateral aspect of the limb
95
Radial nerve innervation
Innervates triceps, tensor fasciae antibrachii, anconeus and extensors of carpus and digits -sensory to cranial paw
96
Injury of radial nerve
-humoral fracture can damage this nerve -paw would be knuckled over and leg non-weight bearing
97
Name pink
Radial nerve
98
Median nerve
-C7/8-T1 -runs down medial surface and then passes caudal,g under flexor carpi radialis -supplies carpal and digital flexors
99
Ulnar nerve
-C8-T2 -runs beside median n. before deviating toward olecranon -supplies carpal and digital flexors
100
Name pink and purple
Pink = median nerve Purple = ulnar
101
Name 1-6 of autonomous cutaneous innervation
1.axillary n. 2.musculocutaneous n. 3.ulnar n. 4.radial n. 5.median n. 6.median and ulnar nn.
102
Brachial plexus avulsion - cranial avulsion
-weak shoulder extension -little to no shoulder flexion -sensation and deep pain
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Brachial plexus avulsion - caudal avulsion
-proprioceptive deficit -dropped limb -knuckling -limited sensation and panniculus reflex -may have partial Horner’s syndrome
104
Brachial plexus avulsion - complete avulsion
-non-weightbearing -no pain sensation in distal limb -Horner’s syndrome
105
Name 1-5 of lumbosacral plexus
1.pelvic n. S2-S3 2.pudendal n. S2-S3 3.sciatic n. L6-S1 4.obturator n. L4-L6 5.femoral n. L4-L6
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Sciatic nerve location
-L6-S1 -crosses the hip deep to the gr. Trochanter -lies beneath Biceps Femoris -gives rise to Peroneal and Tibial nn. above stifle
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Sciatic nerve innervation
-innervates hamstrings -susceptible to injury in hip surgery -injection injuries possible in some species
108
Name pink, purple and teal
Pink = sciatic nerve Purple = Peroneal nerve Teal = tibial nerve
109
Femoral nerve - location and innervation
-L4-L6 -passes through psoas muscles and between sartorius and pectineus -supplies quadriceps -gives rise to saphenous nerve
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Saphenous nerve innervation
-supplies sartorius -continues down to metatarsus to supply skin
111
Name pink and purple
Pink = femoral Purple = saphenous
112
Patella reflex test
-used to evaluate the femoral nerve
113
Obturator nerve location and innervation
-L4-L6 -passes through obturator foramen -innervates medial thigh muscles (adductors) -injury more common in cows/horses during parturition
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Name 1-7 of autonomous cutaneous innervation
1.caudal cutaneous femoral n. 2.lateral cutaneous femoral n. 3.genitofemoral n. 4.saphenous n. 5.sciatic n. 6.peroneal n. 7.tibial n.
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