Anatomy and Physiology > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

The actual machine or medical device

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2
Q

Electrocardiography

A

The process of performing the test

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3
Q

ECG

A

Visual recording or graph produced by the machine

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4
Q

Hierarchy of conduction of heart - structures of conduction system of heart

A

SA node
-Bachman’s bundle
AV node
Bundle of His
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibres

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5
Q

Name 1-7

A

1.SA node
2.AV node
3.left posterior bundle
4.right bundle
5.Bachmann’s bundle
6.His bundle
7.Purkinje fibres

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6
Q

Intrinsic rates of conduction

A

The spontaneous depolarisation of the hearts electrical system, determining the heart rate in bpm

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7
Q

Intrinsic rates of cardiac conduction components

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres

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8
Q

ECG - waves

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

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9
Q

ECG - intervals

A

PR interval
QT interval

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10
Q

ECG - segments

A

PR segment
ST segment

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11
Q

Diagram of ECg waves, intervals and segments

A
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12
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarisation

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13
Q

PR interval

A

Delay of conduction from SA node to AV node

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14
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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15
Q

QT interval

A

Ventricles contracting

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16
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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17
Q

Diagram of heart states and waves associated on ECG

A
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18
Q

Table of Intrinsic rates of pacemakers in heart

A
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19
Q

Diagram of ECG and heart conduction

A
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20
Q

Electrode colour code for British machines

A
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21
Q

What position is this dog in?

A

Right lateral recumbency

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22
Q

Where is lead I electrode placed on dog?

A

Connect the right upper limb (module +) With the left upper limb (module -)

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23
Q

Where is lead II electrode placed in dog?

A

Connect the right upper limb (module +) with the left lower limb (module -) in the longitudinal direction of the heart

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24
Q

Where is lead III electrode placed in dog?

A

Connect the right upper limb (module +) with the right lower limb (module -)

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25
Standard leads
I, II, III Bipolar
26
Augmented leads
aVR, aVL, aVF Unipolar
27
Precordial leads
V1-V6 Unipolar
28
Interpreting ECGs
Each large box = 5 small boxes At paper speed of 25mm/sec
29
Interpreting ECGs if 5 large boxes pass in 1 second
5 large boxes (a 25mm length of paper) pass in 1 second Each large box = 0.2 seconds (1/5) So in 60 seconds, 60 x 5 large boxes = 300 large boxes/min
30
Interpreting ECGs if 25 small boxes pass in 1 second
Each small box = 0.04 seconds (1/25) In 60 seconds, 60 x 25 =1,500 1500 small boxes / min
31
How would this heart rate be calculated?
HR: 300/2.4 =125 125 bpm An alternative method is 1500/12 =125 125 bpm
32
How can this heart rate be calculated?
HR: 300/1.9 =157.895 158 bpm An alternative method is 1500/9.5 =157.895 158 bpm
33
How would HR be calculated at paper speed of 50mm/s
Use the same method as 25mm/s but substitute 600 for 300 and 3000 for 1500
34
Canine heart rate
-70-160bpm -can drop to 30-40 bpm when sleeping -stressed or excited can rise to low 200s
35
Feline heart rate
-140-240 bpm -below 140 in a hospital setting is likely abnormal
36
Tachycardia
Increased heart rate Dogs = 160+ bpm (220+ bpm in puppies) Cats = 220+ bpm -tachycardic arrhythmias
37
Brachycardia
Decreased heart rate Dogs = below 70 bpm Cats = below 120 bpm -brachycardic arrhythmias
38
Diagram of arrhythmias
39
What is being shown? And why?
Sinus bradycardia -normal appearance but slow conductance
40
What causes sinus bradycardia?
-systemic disease -endocrine disturbance -hypothermia -hypertension
41
What is being shown? And why?
Atrioventricular block: 1st degree heart block -prolonged PR interval > 0.2s (normally 0.1s)
42
What causes 1st degree heart block?
-‘block’ at AV node or Bundle of His -not really a block, but delay in conduction -early sign of cardiac disease -often no clinical signs
43
What is being shown? And why?
Mobitz I (Wenckebach) Atrioventricular block: 2nd degree heart block -progressive lengthening of PR interval, until a P wave is completely blocked -greater ratio of P waves to QRS complexes (4:3)
44
What causes 2nd degree heart block Mobitz I?
-block in AV node -normally temporary and benign, no clinical signs
45
What is being shown? And why?
Mobitz II - 2nd degree heart block -PR interval constant -greater ratio of P waves to QRS complexes, ratio usually varies (above 3:2)
46
What causes second degree heart block - Mobitz II?
-block in Bundle of His -atria contract, blood sits in ventricles -usually indicates serious heart disease, can progress to 3rd degree block
47
What is being shown? And why?
Atrioventricular block: 3rd degree heart block -no relation between P waves and QRS complexes -P>QRS
48
What causes 3rd degree heart block?
-block at AV node or lower -ventricles generate a lifesaving bradycardia ESCAPE RHYTHM (VER ~ 40 bpm) atria contract at 60-100 bpm -atria and ventricles controlled by separate intrinsic pacemakers (AV DISSOCIATION)
49
What is being shown? And why?
Sick sinus syndrome -abnormal SA node conduction -periods of asystole -syncope
50
Treatment of sick sinus syndrome
Chronic: pacemaker implant
51
Sick sinus syndrome - breeds that commonly get it
Westie Dachshunds Miniature schnauzers Boxers Cocker spaniels
52
What is being shown? And why?
-no atrial electrical activity (no P waves) -ventricular escape rhythm
53
What causes atrial asystole?
Hyperkalaemia at a concentration high enough to lead to atrial standstill is an emergency (blocked can, addisonian dog)
54
What is being shown?
Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)
55
Ventricular premature complexes
-common finding in cats and dogs -arise from an ectopic focus or foci within the ventricular myocardium -depolarisation - abnormal direction (cell-cell, not within conduction tissue) -QRS complexes are wide and bizarre in contour and are not associated with P waves -T wave often large and opposite direction of QRS -can be cardiac or non-cardiac causes (anaesthesia, drugs, pain, excitement, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances, splenic/liver diseases) -infrequent VPCs do not generally compromise the cardiac output and therefore often don’t require treatment (treatment should be directed to underlying cause)
56
What is being shown? And why?
Sinus tachycardia -regular cardiac rhythm in which the heart beats faster than normal
57
What is sinus tachycardia a physiological response to?
Exercise Excitement Stress/fear Pain Disease (pyrexia, anaemia, hyperthyroidism, other)
58
What is being shown? And why?
Ventricular tachycardia -three or more consecutive VPCs
59
What does ventricular tachycardia indicate?
India takes presence of more severe cardiac disease or systemic disease than VPC alone -signs of haemodynamic compromise (exercise intolerance, weakness, syncope, collapse) -weak apical beat, weak arterial pulses, pulse deficits
60
What is being shown? And why?
Ventricular fibrillation -chaotically irregular ventricular depolarisations -absence of coordinated ventricular activity -produces very little cardiac output -requires immediate veterinary attention (cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPR))
61
What is being shown? And why?
Atrial fibrillation (AF) -rapid and irregular rhythm, narrow QRS complexes without P waves present
62
What is AF associated with?
-spontaneous AF is usually associated with significant heart disease
63
How is AF treated?
Treated with diltiazem, atenolol and/or digoxin
64
Name 1+2
65
Name 1+2
1.typical heartbeat 2.ventricular fibrillation
66
Diagram of atrial fibrillation compared to normal heartbeat
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