Anatomy and Physiology > Tissue Types > Flashcards

Tissue Types Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the outermost germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

What is the middle germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

What is the inner germ layer?

A

Endoderm

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4
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

-epidermis
-glands on skin
-some cranial bones
-pituitary and adrenal medulla
-nervous system
-mouth between cheeks and gums
-anus

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5
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

-connective tissue proper
-bone
-cartilage
-blood
-endothelium of blood vessels
-muscle
-synovial membranes
-serous membranes lining body cavities
-kidneys
-lining of gonads

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6
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

-lining of airways and digestive system except mouth and distal part of digestive system
-glands (digestive, endocrine and adrenal cortex)

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7
Q

Difference between epithelial and connective tissue membrane

A

Epithelial tissue membranes composed of epithelial layer and underlying layer of connective tissue
WHEREAS connective tissue membranes are made only of connective tissue

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8
Q

Examples of epithelial tissue membranes

A

-mucous membrane
-serous membranes

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9
Q

Examples of connective tissue membranes

A

-synovial membrane
-renal capsule
-hepatic/glissons capsule
-meninges

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10
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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13
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

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14
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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16
Q

Name epithelial tissue

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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17
Q

Location of simple squamous epithelium

A

Air sacs of lungs
Lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

Location of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

In ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

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19
Q

Location of simple columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus
Smooth are in digestive tract and bladder

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20
Q

Location of pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated tissues lines the trachea and much of upper respiratory tract

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21
Q

Function of simple squamous epithelium

A

Allows materials to pass through by diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances

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22
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Secreted and absorbs

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23
Q

Function of simple columnar epithelium

A

Absorbs and it also secrets mucous and enzymes

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24
Q

Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Secretes mucus, Ciliated tissue moves mucus

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25
Location of stratified epithelium
Lines oesophagus, mouth and vagina
26
Function of stratified squamous
Protects against abrasion
27
Location of stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands
28
Function of stratified cuboidal
Protective tissue
29
Location of stratified columnar
Male urethra and ducts of some glands
30
Function of stratified columnar
Secretes and protects
31
Location of transitional epithelium
Lines bladder, urethra and ureters
32
Function of transitional epithelium
Allows urinary organs to expand and stretch
33
Function of glandular epithelium
Produce and release secretory products
34
Name glandular epithelium
Simple alveolar
35
Name glandular epithelium
Simple branched alveolar
36
Name glandular epithelium
Simple tubular
37
Name glandular epithelium
Simple coiled tubular
38
Name glandular epithelium
Simple branched tubular
39
Name glandular epithelium
Compound alveolar
40
Name glandular epithelium
Compound tubuloalveolar
41
Name glandular epithelium
Compound tubular
42
3 types of secretions of epithelial tissues
Merocrine Aprocrine Holocrine
43
Describe merocrine secretion
-secretion by exocytosis -no cell damage -traverses through hypodermis, epidermis and endodermis -most common
44
Describe apocrine secretion
-by budding and then bud breaks off -sacrifices top portion that contains secretory product -cell damaged - part of cell membrane lost as bud -mammary glands use this
45
Describe holocrine secretion
-most rare -secretion by cell membrane rupturing -cell damaged - cell membrane ruptured -more damage caused than apocrine -Sebaceous gland uses this
46
Name type of secretions
Merocrine
47
Name type of secretion
Apocrine
48
Name type of secretion
Holocrine
49
Types of connective tissues
-connective tissue proper -supportive connective tissue -fluid connective tissue
50
Name connective tissue and 1-3
Connective tissue proper 1.fibrocyte 2.mesenchymall cell 3.adipocyte
51
What makes up connective tissue proper?
-reticular fibres -adipocytes -mesenchymall cell -elastic fibers -collagen fibers -fibroblast -macrophage
52
Name connective tissue and 1-3
Loose connective tissue 1.adipocytes 2.stored lipids 3.nucleus and cytoplasm
53
Name connective tissue and 1
Loose connective tissue 1.reticular fibers (look like spiderwebs)
54
Name connective tissue and 1+2
Regular dense connective tissue 1.collagen fibers 2.fibroblast nuclei
55
Name connective tissue and 1+2
Irregular dense connective tissue 1.fibroblsst nuclei 2.collagen fiber bundles
56
Structure of loose connective tissue
Fibers loosely arranged in random mesh-like network creating large spaces to give loose and pliable nature
57
Composition of loos connective tisssue
Fibroblasts, sparse collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, amorphous ground substance
58
Function of loose connective tissue
-support -binds organs and tissue to hold in place -diffusion - of oxygen and nutrients from capillaries to other tissues -immune defense - contains immune system cells to protect and prevent pathogens entering -binding epithelial tissue - attaches epithelial tissues to underlying structures
59
Types of loos connective tissues
Areolar Adipose Reticular
60
Function of aerolar loos connective tissue proper tissue
Supports and binds other tissues Defends against pathogens Acts as reservoir for water and salts
61
Function of adipose loose connective tissue
Store fat for energy, insulate and proved cushioning for organs
62
Function of reticular loose connective tissue proper tissue
Creates soft, delicate, mesh-like structure in soft organs like lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow -supports and helps filter blood cells and other fluids
63
Structure of regular dense connective tissue
Fibers densely packed together and arranged in parallel bundles
64
Function of regular dense connective tissue
-provides high resistance to pullling forces in 1 direction E.g. tendons and ligaments
65
Structure of irregular loose connective tissue
Fibers arranged in multinucleated, woven network
66
Function of irregular loose connective tissue
-provides strength and support in multiple directions E.g dermis of skin, organ capsules, joint capsules
67
Types of dense connective tissue
Regular Irregular
68
What type of tissue is cartilage
Supportive connective tissue
69
Name type of supportive connective tissue and 1+2
Hyaline cartilage 1.chondrocytes in lacunae 2.matrix
70
Function of hyaline cartilage
-articular joints - forms smooth, resilient articular cartilage that caps ends of bones in synovial joints -structural support
71
What does the surface of hyaline cartilage provide?
Low friction environment Distributes load evenly Absorbs stress during movement
72
Name supportive connective tissue and 1+2
Fibrocartilage 1.chondrocyte in lacunae 2.collagen fibers in matrix
73
Function of fibrocartilage
-withstand high levels of mechanical stress -shock absorption -even,y distributes pressure -provides strong connections between bones
74
Name supportive connective tissue and 1+2
Elastic cartilage 1.chondrocyte in lacuna 2.elastic fibers in matrix
75
Function of elastic cartilage
-flexibility and resilience - allows cartilage to stretch and bend easily and turn to original form -structural support -prevention of collapse
76
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
77
Examples of fluid connective tissue
Blood Lymph
78
Characteristics of fluid connective tissue
Liquid matrix- allows for movement and transport Transport- deliver oxygen, nutrients and antibodies and remove waste products Immune function - contains WBCs
79
Name tissue and 1+2
Fluid connective tissue 1.erythrocytes 2.lymphocyte
80
Name tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue
81
Histology of skeletal muscle
Long cylindrical fiber Striated Many peripherally located nuclei
82
Function of skeletal muscle
Voluntary movement Produces heat Protects organs
83
Location of skeletal muscle
Attached to bones and around entrance points to body
84
Name tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
85
Histology of smooth muscle tissue
Short Spindle shaped No evident striation Single nucleus in each fiber
86
Function of smooth muscle
Involuntary movement Moves food Involuntary control of respiration Moves secretions Regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction
87
Location of smooth muscle
Walls of major organs and passageways
88
Basic explanation of smooth muscle contraction
Actin and myosin form net and contracts and shrinks volume
89
Basic explanation of striated muscle contraction
Reduces in length when contracted
90
Name tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue
91
Histology of cardiac muscle tissue
Short Branched Striated Single central nucleus
92
Function of cardiac muscle
Contracts to pump blood
93
Location of cardiac muscle
Heart
94
Name tissue
Neuronal tissue
95
Function of astrocytes
Provide nutritional and physical support and maintain blood-brain barrier
96
Name tissue and 1-5
Neuronal tissue 1.neurons 2.microglial cell 3.astrocytes 4.oligodendrocyte 5.myelin sheath
97
98
Function of oligendrocytes and Schwann cells
Insulate axons by forming myelin to speed up nerve impulse transmission
99
Function of microglia
Immune cells of CNS
100
Different between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes = found in CNS and myelinated multiple axons with a single cell Schwann cells = found in PNS and myelinated multiple axons only 1 axon each
101
Difference between stroma and parenchyma
Stroma = supporting, structural framework that encloses and supports parenchyma Parenchyma = functional part of organ, composed of cells that perform its primary job
102
103
Composition of stroma
Connective tissue (blood vessels, nerves, extra cellular matrix)
104
Composition of parenchyma
Specialised cells (epithelial, muscle, glandular)
105
Embryological origin of stroma
Mainly mesoderm
106
Embryological origin of parenchyma
Ectoderm, mesoderm or endoderm
107
Examples of stroma
Periosteum Endosteum Extracellular matrix Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium Blood vessels Nerves
108
Examples of parenchyma
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osteocytes Myocytes
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