Forelimb

Question 1

3 regions of forelimb

Answer 1

-brachium (upper arm)
-antibrachium (lower arm)
-manus (hand)

Question 2

Name bones in forelimb

Answer 2

1- scapula
2-humerus
3-radius and ulna
4-carpal bones
5-metacarpals
6-phalanges

Question 3

Name joints in forelimb

Answer 3

1-shoulder/glenohumeral joint
2-elbow/humeroradial, humeroulnar and radioulnar joints
3-carpus/radiocarpal, ulnacarpal, intercarpal and carpometacarpal articulations
4-metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)/fetlock
5-proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

Question 4

Clavicle in dogs

Answer 4

-absent
-if present - remnant of bone lying in the muscle cranial to the shoulder joint
-clavicular intersection in brachiocephalicus muscle

Question 5

Clavicle in cats

Answer 5

-present -doesn’t articulate with other bones
-1cm and curved appearance

Question 6

Name bony landmarks in lateral scapula 1-7

Answer 6

1-infraspinous fossa
2-supraspinous fossa
3-scapula spine (spine caudal border)
4-acromion
5-scapular notch
6-supraglenoid tubercle
7-glenoid cavity

Question 7

Function of supraglenoid tubercle in scapula

Answer 7

Muscle attachment of bicep

Question 8

Function of acromion

Answer 8

Site of muscle attachment

Question 9

Name bony landmarks of medial scapula

Answer 9

1-facies serrata
2-subscapular fossa
3-coracoid process

Question 10

Location of acromion

Answer 10

Distal tip of scapula spine

Question 11

Where is the glenoid cavity

Answer 11

Socket at distal end of scapula

Question 12

Function of humerus

Answer 12

Articulates proximally with scapula = shoulder joint

Question 13

Name 1-6 of lateral humerus

Answer 13

1-greater tubercle
2-head
3-neck
4-deltoid tuberosity
5-body
6-condyle

Question 14

Name 1-12 of cranial humerus

Answer 14

1-greater tubercle
2-lesser tubercle
3-intertubucular groove
4-teres minor tuberosity
5-tricipital line
6-deltoid tuberosity
7-brachialis groove
8-radial fossa
9-supratroclear foramen
10-lateral epicondyle
11-trochlea
12-capitulum

Question 15

Name 1-8 of caudal humerus

Answer 15

1-greater tubercle
2-head
3-lesser tubercle
4-teres major tuberosity
5-supracondylar crest
6-lateral epicondyle
7-olecranon fossa
8-medial epicondyle

Question 16

Head of humerus

Answer 16

Proximal rounded projection

Question 17

Neck of humerus

Answer 17

Shaft of bone distal to head

Question 18

Greater tubercle of humerus

Answer 18

Prominence on the cranial and lateral aspect

Question 19

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Answer 19

Prominence on the cranial and medial

Question 20

Olecranon fossa of humerus

Answer 20

Depression proximal to the condyle fitting anconeal process (ulna)

Question 21

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Answer 21

Elongated craniolateral prominence at around the proximal 3rd of the bone

Question 22

Structure of radius and ulna

Answer 22

-two bones form part of lower forelimbs
-twisted

Question 23

What movement does the radius and ulna allow?

Answer 23

Allow pronation and supination

Question 24

Position of ulna

Answer 24

Ulna is caudal at its proximal end but lateral at its distal end

Question 25

Range of motion of radius and ulna in different species

Answer 25

- varying levels of movement and fusion across species -greater range of motion in the cat than in the dog

Question 26

Radius of forelimb

Answer 26

- main weight bearing bone -shorter than the ulna

Question 27

What are the key bony landmarks in the ulna?

Answer 27

-olecranon -anconeal process -trochlear notch

Question 28

What is the olecranon of the ulna?

Answer 28

-point of the elbow

Question 29

What is the anconeal process of the ulna?

Answer 29

Projection stabilising joint with the radius and humerus

Question 30

What is the trochlear notch of the ulna?

Answer 30

Cavity that holds humerus condyle

Question 31

Name 1-7 of radius and ulna

Answer 31

1-olecranon 2-head 3-neck 4-radial tuberosity 5-radius 6-ulna 7-styloid process

Question 32

Name the bone and 1-5

Answer 32

Ulna 1-olecranon 2-anconeal process 3-trochlear notch 4-medial coronoid process 5-lateral coronoid process

Question 33

Function of trochlear notch

Answer 33

Humerus sits inside and forms elbow joint

Question 34

Why is the ulna clinically relevant?

Answer 34

Relevant with regard to elbow dysplasia

Question 35

Types of elbow dysplasia

Answer 35

-fragmented coronoid process (FCP) -ununited anconeal process (UAP) -osteochondrosis dissects of trochlear humeri -incongruency of the elbow joint (INC)

Question 36

How many carpal bones does a dog have?

Answer 36

7 short carpal bones Two rows: -proximal (3 bones) -distal (4 bones)

Question 37

How many proximal carpal bones in dog?

Answer 37

3

Question 38

How many distal carpal bones in dog?

Answer 38

4

Question 39

Where is the accessory carpal bone located?

Answer 39

Lateral edge of the carpus and projects caudally

Question 40

What is the function of accessory carpal bone?

Answer 40

Muscle attachment

Question 41

Structure of metacarpus (metacarpal bones)

Answer 41

-five small long bones (I,II,III,IV,V from medial to lateral)

Question 43

Metacarpal bone I structure

Answer 43

-smaller and non weight bearing (dew claw)

Question 44

Name 1-8

Answer 44

1-radius 2-radial and intermediate carpal bones 3- carpal bones (distal and proximal) 4-metacarpals 5-ulna 6-accessory carpal bone 7-ulnar carpal bone 8-distal carpal bones

Question 45

Structure of digits of paw

Answer 45

-each digit has three phalanges, except digit 1 (dew claw) which only has 2 -1st and 2nd phalanges are simple long bones -3rd phalanx has the ungual process attached (part of the claw)

Question 46

What bones are present in metacarpophalangeal joints?

Answer 46

Proximal sesamoid bones

Question 47

Stance of dogs

Answer 47

Digitigrade - 3rd and 4th digits bear most weight