VM 518 - Cardiovascular > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

ECG records

A

macroscopic voltage difference btw tissues

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2
Q

purpose of using lead systems

A

view the electrical events fro diff #d angles or perspectives

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3
Q

positive deflection?

A

depolarization towards the positive pole of the lead

repolarization moves away from the positive pole

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4
Q

negative deflection?

A

depolarization towards to negative pole of the lead

repolarizatio moves owards

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5
Q

biphasic deflection

A

depolarization is perpendicular to the lead

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6
Q

Lead I electrode placement?

A

Negative: Right forelimb (right arm)

Positive: Left forelimb (left arm)

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7
Q

What does Lead I assess?

A

Whether electrical activity is moving toward the left side of the body

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8
Q

What does a reduced positive Lead I suggest?

it is common in …

A

More vertical depolarization vector

Common in deep-chested or tall animals

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9
Q

T/F

in a normal heart, the LV normally dominates ventricular depolarization.

A

true

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10
Q

What does a negative Lead I suggest?

A

Abnormal axis or

Lead misplacement

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11
Q

Lead II electrode placement?

A

Negative: Right forelimb (right arm)

Positive: Left hindlimb (left leg)

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12
Q

Why is Lead II the most useful lead?

A

aligns closely with the normal direction of ventricular depolarization (both horizontal and vertical components)

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13
Q

y-axis of ecg?

A

amplitude of electrical activity

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14
Q

does lead and depolarization direction alignment alone create amplitude?

A

no; short distance of depolarization makes small signal no matter it’s perfectly aligned or not

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15
Q

Normal polarity of Lead II?

A

dominantly positive

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16
Q

why we see negative polarity in Q ?

A

left septum receives signal first from its his bundle → slight depolarization from left to right

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17
Q

why we see huge positive polarity in R?

A

purkinje fibers are causing massive depolarization of ventricles → net depolarization from right to left (LV dominance due to its larger muscle mass)

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18
Q

Q wave is (positive/negative) deflection?

A

negative

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19
Q

R wave is (positive/negative) deflection?

A

positive

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20
Q

S wave is (positive/negative) deflection?

A

negative

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21
Q

Can T wave be positive or negative?

A

yes

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22
Q

T/F

T wave must follow QRS

A

true

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23
Q

T/F

normal QRS can have q wave, s wave or none

A

true; no negative deflection = no wave to name

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24
Q

when should you be concerned about T wave changes?

A
  • abrupt major changes in T-wav e morphology as an isolated finding (no major change in HR or QRS)
  • extremely high amplitude T waves in many leads
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25
can P wave occur anywhere?
yes; can occur randomly after the QRS or during the QRS ..
26
interval?
time btw two elements (from start of an element to the start of another)
27
segments?
just the time btw two adjacent elements (end-start)
28
PR segment?
the time for an atrial depolarization wave to traverse the AV node
29
PR segment can be prolonged when
AV nodal conduction is depressed
30
QT interval?
time for both ventricular depolarization and repolarization
31
bigger chambers have (greater/lower) voltages
greater
32
enlargement and/or slower conduction can cause (shorter/longer) duration for depolarization
longer
33
if there's right atrial enlargement, P waves become
taller prolonged RA depolarization
34
if there's left atrial enlargement, P waves become
wider prolonged LA depolarization
35
How can chamber enlargement affect the direction of depolarization?
shift the mean electrical axis toward enlarged chamber → change wave polarity in some leads
36
normal sequence of atrial depolarization?
RA depolarizes first, then LA
37
why tall P wave for RA enlargement?
more myocardium → more atrial muscle cells depolarizing → increase voltage → stronger initial atrial depolarization
38
why wide P wave for LA enlargement?
enlargement increases conduction distance → prolonged depolarization
39
supraventricular?
atrial QRS stimulus
40
ventricular?
ventricular QRS stimulus
41
T/F T-wave visibility can be lead-dependent
true
42
sinus arrhythmia is considered normal?
yes
43
sinus arrhythmia?
normal sinus rhythm with predictable irregularity of HR
44
predictable irregularity =
regularly irregular
45
Atrial fibrillation?
supraventricular irregularly irregular no consistent P waves often tachycardic usually normal QRS
46
atrial flutter?
supraventricular regular
47
In A-V blocks, P waves are present?
yes; but not always followed by QRS
48
atrial tachycardia?
fast supraventricular rhythm with abnormal P-waves or abrupt start and stop of tachycardia
49
morphology of atrial premature beat?
visible preceding P-wave OR premature beat with a normal QRS
50
morphology of 2nd degree AV block?
supraventricular rhythm with visible p-waves, some not followed by a QRS QRS are normal tho
51
morphology of 3rd degree AV block?
atria and ventricles are electrically separated P waves do not trigger following QRSs
52
morphology of ventricular premature beat?
wide, abnormal QRS
53
HR refers to
QRS rate
54
formula for HR
55
majority of 3rd degree heart block is
regular
56
majority of atrial fibrillation is
irregular
57
P before every QRS indicates
sinus or atrial rhythm
58
QRS without P indicates
ventricular or junctional rhythm OR atrial arrest or atrial fibrillation
59
Some P waves not followed by QRS indiciate
AV block
60
No organized P waves
atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter
61
features of QRS morphology
duration polarity shape
62
it is supraventricular when
QRS has an associated P wave OR QRS morphology is normal
63
How do determine if a P-wave is associated with the QRS?
- consistent PR interval - same # of P waves and QRS waves over 10 or more QRS
64
Abnormal QRS with associated P-wave can indicate
- ventricular enlargement - ventricular conduction abnormality
65
escape rhythm?
backup pacemaker fires because the normal pacemaker fails or conduction is blocked
66
f-waves?
small, irregular rhythm seen during atrial fibrillation Not always seen tho
67
UGHHHHH just know this maybe
68
If there is a bundle branch block, we would expect what kind of QRS morphology
wide QRS
VM 518 - Cardiovascular
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