Integration across system

Question 1

how many receptor subtypes in the CV system? what are those?

Answer 1

4

M2 muscarinic
a1-adrenergic
b1-adrenergic
b2-adrenergic

Question 2

What is the typical parasympathetic neuron ratio?

Answer 2

1:1

Question 3

What is the typical sympathetic neuron divergence ratio?

Answer 3

1: many (high divergence)

Question 4

preganglionic NT in PSNS?

Answer 4

ACh

Question 5

preganglionic NT in SNS?

Answer 5

ACh

Question 6

postganglionic NT in PSNS?

Answer 6

ACh

Question 7

postganglionic NT in PNS?

Answer 7

NE

Question 8

postganglionic NT for sweat glands (SNS)?

Answer 8

ACh

Question 9

postganglionic NT for adrenal medulla (SNS)?

Answer 9

EPI and NE

Question 10

parasympathetic only innervates which part of the heart? via which receptor

Answer 10

Atria via M2

Question 11

sympathetic vasculature such as vasoconstriction is activated via which receptor?

Answer 11

a1-adrenergic

Question 12

sympathetic tone of the heart is activated via which receptor?

Answer 12

b1-adrenergic

Question 13

sympathetic tone of the lungs is activated via which receptor?

Answer 13

b2-adrenergic

Question 14

sympathetic bronchodilation and vasodilation are activated via which receptor?

Answer 14

b2-adrenergic

Question 15

T/F

pacemaker cells have cAMP-gatd funny channels

Answer 15

true

Question 16

role of funny channels in pacemaker cells

Answer 16

funny channel is open → rapid influx of Na → higher HR

Question 17

funny channels are open during both PSNS and SNS?

Answer 17

NO; only in SNS; open via b1-adrenergic receptors

Question 18

during SNS, heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity change via which receptor?

Answer 18

B1-adrenergic

Question 19

during SNS, vasoconstriction (increase in BP) happens via which receptor?

Answer 19

a1-adrenergic

Question 20

during SNS, bronchodilation and lung relaxation happen via which receptor?

Answer 20

b2-adrenergix

Question 21

in SNS, what receptor supports skeletal muscle vasodilation?

Answer 21

b2-adrenergic

Question 22

during exercise, what takes over sympathetic controllers?

Answer 22

metabolites

Question 23

what does metabolites cause during exercise?

Answer 23

vasodilation
(stronger signal than a1)

Question 24

during exercise, what happens to :
O2
CO2
adenosine
H+
lactate
K+

Answer 24

O2 - decrease
CO2 - increase
adenosine - increase
H+ - increase
lactate - increase
K+ - increase

Question 25

vasoactive mediators

Answer 25

Question 27

during PSNS, what receptor controls HR and conduction velocity?

Answer 27

M2 muscarinic

Question 28

during PSNS, what receptor controls bronchoconstriction?

Answer 28

M2 muscarinic

Question 29

during PSNS, what receptor controls vasculature?

Answer 29

non; no innervation

Question 30

during mild dehydration, what happens to blood volume?

Answer 30

decrease

Question 31

during mild dehydration, what happens to right atrial size?

Answer 31

decrease

Question 32

during mild dehydration, what happens to EDV?

Answer 32

decrease

Question 33

during mild dehydration, what happens to ?

Question 34

T/F stronger contraction with more passive filing

Answer 34

yes; frank-starling!

Question 35

during mild dehydration, what happens to sympathetic outflow?

Answer 35

increase

Question 36

during mild dehydration, what happens to ANP?

Answer 36

decrease

Question 37

atrial stretch release ..

Answer 37

ANP and BNP

Question 38

during mild dehydration, what happens to aldosterone?

Answer 38

increase

Question 39

during mild dehydration, what happens to RAAS?

Answer 39

increase

Question 40

T/F ANP suppressed RAAS

Answer 40

true

Question 41

during mild dehydration, what happens to renal K+ secretion?

Answer 41

increase

Question 42

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to right atrial size?

Answer 42

increase

Question 43

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to systemic blood pressure?

Answer 43

increase

Question 44

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to renin?

Answer 44

decrease

Question 45

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to HR?

Answer 45

decrease

Question 46

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to cardiomyocyte calcium?

Answer 46

no change when IV infusion along BUT also can decrease if systemic BP is really high

Question 47

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to ADH?

Answer 47

decrease

Question 48

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to thirst?

Answer 48

decrease

Question 49

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to contractility?

Answer 49

does not change

Question 50

IV infusion to healthy animal, what happens to preload?

Answer 50

increase

Question 51

V1 receptor

Answer 51

ADH for vasoconstriction for increase SVR (TPR)

Question 52

V2 reecptor

Answer 52

ADH for water reabsorption for increase in blood volume

Question 53

when there's increased blood volume, vaso dilates or constricts?

Answer 53

vasodilation

Question 54

ANP promotes or inhibits the secretion of ADH?

Answer 54

inhibits

Question 55

what is a potent inhibitor of thirst

Answer 55

ANP

Question 56

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to exercise capacity?

Answer 56

decrease

Question 57

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to systemic BP

Answer 57

decrease

Question 58

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to arterial baroreceptor signal?

Answer 58

decrease

Question 59

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to SV?

Answer 59

decrease

Question 59

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to HR?

Answer 59

increase

Question 60

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to left atrial pressure?

Answer 60

increase

Question 61

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to RR?

Answer 61

increase

Question 62

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to total peripheral resistance?

Answer 62

increase

Question 63

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to permeability of the intestinal mucosa?

Answer 63

increase

Question 64

if there's left-sided heart failure, what happens to perfusion of the kidneys?

Answer 64

increase

Question 65

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to urine volume?

Answer 65

increase in early stage decrease in late stage

Question 66

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to thirst?

Answer 66

increase

Question 67

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to GFR?

Answer 67

decrease

Question 68

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to blood Na level?

Answer 68

decrease

Question 69

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to RAAS activty?

Answer 69

increase

Question 70

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to systemic BP?

Answer 70

increase

Question 71

if there's chronic kidney dysfunction, what happens to hematocrit/PCV?

Answer 71

decrease

Question 72

what happens in chronic KD?

Answer 72

Loss of nephrons → ↓ GFR → ↑ RAAS → Efferent constriction → Hyperfiltration → Glomerular damage → More nephron loss

Question 73

incomplete feedback of RAAS

Answer 73

CKD: High BP → kidney still thinks “low perfusion” → RAAS stays ON → BP stays high failure to turn RAAS off