Echo

Question 1

echo?

Answer 1

A non-invasive imaging modality that evaluates cardiac structure, function, and blood flow

Question 2

High frequency =

Answer 2

greater resolution, less depth penetration

Question 3

Low frequency =

Answer 3

less rsolution
greater depth penetration

Question 4

What structural features can echo evaluate?

Answer 4

Wall thickness

Chamber size

Vessel size

Valve morphology and motion

Question 5

Can echo assess pericardial and pleural spaces

Answer 5

Yes — for fluid and masses

Question 6

What aspects of blood flow can echo assess?

Answer 6

Direction

Velocity

Turbulence

Question 7

What measurements assess systolic function?

Answer 7

Fractional shortening

Fractional area change

Ejection fraction

Question 8

Can echo determine if a patient is in congestive heart failure

Answer 8

no

Question 9

How is left-sided CHF identified?

Answer 9

Pulmonary vein distension on thoracic radiographs

Question 10

How is right-sided CHF assessed?

Answer 10

Measurement of central venous pressure

Question 11

Limitations of Echo

Answer 11

cannot determine if a patient is in congestive heart failure

cannot provide accurate long-term prognosis

cannot predict anesthetic safety

Question 12

How does fluid appear on echo

Answer 12

Black

Question 13

How does fluid appear on radiographs?

Answer 13

White or hazy

Question 14

How does air appear on echo?

Answer 14

White

Question 15

How does air appear on radiographs?

Answer 15

black

Question 16

How does soft tissue appear on echo and radiographs?

Answer 16

Intermediate shades on both

Question 17

How is the animal positioned for a standard echo?

Answer 17

Lateral recumbency

Question 18

Where is the probe placed?

Answer 18

Under the animal against the thoracic wall

Question 19

Where should you begin scanning?

Answer 19

At the point of maximal precordial impulse

Question 20

Are right-sided images easy or difficult to obtain?

Answer 20

Generally easier to collect

Question 21

What structures are well visualized from the right side?

Answer 21

Left heart (long and short axis)

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonic valve

Question 22

What structure is best visualized from the left side?

Answer 22

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and aortic valve

Question 23

What chambers can be well visualized from the left side?

Answer 23

Both left and right heart chambers

Question 24

B-mode?

Answer 24

2D - can see the actual stuctures and motion of the heart using soundwaves

Question 25

M-mode?

Answer 25

1D - showing changes in chamber structures over time

Question 26

M-mode is used to measure

Answer 26

cardiac dimensions of the LV and LA and motion patterns and systolic function (%FS)

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

pulsed wave?

Answer 28

detected by doppler echo useful for low velocity flow at a specific location

Question 29

Continuous wave?

Answer 29

detected by doppler echo useful for high velocity flow across a line

Question 30

color flow?

Answer 30

detected by doppler echo diff colors are used to assess the directions of blood flow +weak estimation of the velocity

Question 31

for color flow doppler, blue indicates

Answer 31

blood flow away from the probe

Question 32

for color flow doppler, red indicates

Answer 32

blood flow towards the probe

Question 33

for long-axis view of right side, transducer must be at

Answer 33

right side about where you feel the heart beat the strongest

Question 34

for long-axis view of right side, marker dot direction must be at

Answer 34

toward the top of the right scapula

Question 35

from long-axis view of right side, you can evalute

Answer 35

LA, mitral valve, LV

Question 36

this is long-axis view of the right sige

Answer 36

Question 37

for short axis view of R side, transducer position has be on the

Answer 37

right side

Question 38

for short axis view of R side, marker dot position should be

Answer 38

toward R elbow - 90' CCW from long axis

Question 39

this is short axis view of the right side

Answer 39

Question 40

Answer 40

papillary m.

Question 41

T/F the ultrasound beam is parallel to the direction of blood flow.

Answer 41

true

Question 42

At what level are LV segments commonly evaluated?

Answer 42

At the papillary muscle level (short-axis view)

Question 43

at papilllary m. level, you can assess

Answer 43

LV wall segments Wall motion Wall thickness

Question 44

How can LV wall thickness be assessed?

Answer 44

M-mode 2-D imaging

Question 45

What two walls are commonly measured?

Answer 45

Interventricular septum Left ventricular free wall

Question 46

How is LV systolic function evaluated using M-mode?

Answer 46

Percent fractional shortening (%FS)

Question 47

How is LV systolic function evaluated using 2-D imaging?

Answer 47

Percent fractional area change (%FA)

Question 48

What does fractional shortening measure?

Answer 48

Change in linear LV internal diameter from diastole to systole

Question 49

What does decreased %FS suggest?

Answer 49

Reduced systolic function

Question 50

What does fractional area change measure?

Answer 50

Change in LV chamber area between diastole and systole

Question 51

What does M-mode show?

Answer 51

LV chamber size and wall motion over time

Question 52

When is the LV chamber largest?

Answer 52

Diastole

Question 53

for L 4-chamber view, transducer position is on the

Answer 53

left side

Question 54

for L 4-chamber view, marker dot position ..

Answer 54

toward back hip

Question 55

L 4-chamber view can evaluate

Answer 55

LV function aortic outflow velocity valve function (AV, MV, TV) look for mass (RA)

Question 56

what view? and ID them

Answer 56

left 4 chamber view

Question 57

LV is measured by which mode

Answer 57

m mode and 2D

Question 58

LA is measured by which mode?

Answer 58

m mode and 2D to measure LA/Ao ratio

Question 59

How is systolic function evaluated on echo?

Answer 59

By comparing LV size in diastole vs systole

Question 60

to estimate contractile function, you measure

Answer 60

fractional shortening fractional area ejection fraction

Question 61

what does ejection fraction measure?

Answer 61

change in the volume of the LV from diastole to systole

Question 62

ejection phase indices?

Answer 62

most common evaluation of systolic fxn change in size of LV from diastole to systole expressed as a %

Question 63

this view is short-axis

Answer 63

Question 64

T/F Fractional shortening (%FS) is a one dimensional method of assessing systolic function looking at points along a line "through" the heart using m-mode technique

Answer 64

true

Question 65

On an echo exam, turbulent blood flow is coded by Color Doppler as green flow. This green flow...

Answer 65

Often shows us the anatomic location for the genesis of an audible heart murmur