VM 518 - Cardiovascular > Systemic BP > Flashcards

Systemic BP Flashcards

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1
Q

baroreceptors are located in

A

aortic arch and carotid sinuses

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2
Q

baroreceptors sense changes in

A

BP and volume

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3
Q

baroreceptor firing increases when BP …

A

increases

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4
Q

if the signal is from carotid sinus, which nerve is innervated?

A

glossopharyngeal (IX)

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5
Q

if the signal is from aortic arch, which nerve is innervated?

A

vagus nerve (X)

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6
Q

arterial baroreceptor activity is highest when mean arterial pressure is. …

A

highest (systole)

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7
Q

T/F

arterial baroreceptors are most important role for short-term adaptation

A

true

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8
Q

when an animal stands up, bp initially decreases, why?

A

when lying down, blood is evenly distributed

when they stand up; more blood towards distal area → less venous return

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9
Q

how do postural changes affect BP?

A

when suddenly stands up → initial decrease in BP → baroreflex will recover to normal level

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10
Q

T/F
both SNS and PSNS innervate organs but PSNS dominates at rest

A

true

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11
Q

what does not get parasympathetic innervation at all?

A

heart ventricle
arterioles
veins
sweat glands

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12
Q

SNS regulates which part of the heart

A

SA node
AV node
ventricular myocardium

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13
Q

PSNS regulates which part of the heart

A

SA node
AV node

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14
Q

most blood vessels and skeletal muscle arterioles are innervated by SNS or PSNS

A

SNS

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15
Q

How can we increase blood
pressure?

A
  1. increase systemic vascular
    resistance
  2. increase cardiac output
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16
Q

Which vasoactive substance is a
potent constrictor of systemic
arterioles?

A

endothelin

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17
Q

how does SNS regulate vasoconstriction?

A
  1. EPI (+NE) from medulla of adrenal gland (systemic)
  2. ACh innervates post to SM directly (release NE)
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18
Q

does vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles affect pulmonary perfusion?

A

No

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19
Q

which systemic vessel regulate resistance?

A

arterioles

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20
Q

steps from low BP to vasoconstirction

A
  1. sensed by baroreceptors
  2. send to brain → send to spinal cord to increase sympathetic tone → vasoconstriction and RAAS activation
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21
Q

sympathetic stimulation on the venous side will increase…

A

stiffness of venous system

filling pressure (more venous return)

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22
Q

frank-starling relationship?

A

SV increases due to more force when there’s passive stretch of ventricles (more EDV)

no changes in contractility

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23
Q

constriction of arterioles lead to an increase in …

A

total peripheral resistance → increase in arterial pressure → afterload increases

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24
Q

stiffening of larger veins will cause increase in

A

venous return → EDV increase → preload increases

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25
if BP too high, the brain tells to do what
dilate vessels → less EDV → less venous return → less SV
26
if baroreceptors detect low BP, what happens to HR? Contractility?
both go up
27
how does sympathetic stimulation increase HR?
sympathetic stimulation → increased funny current → faster phase 4 depolarization
28
how does parasympathetic stimulation decrease HR?
parasympathetic stimulation → decreased funny current → slower phase 4 depolarization
29
positive chronotropic?
increase in HR (sympathetic)
30
negative chronotropic?
decrease in HR (parasympathetic)
31
positive dromotropic?
faster AV conduction (sympathetic)
32
negative dromotropic?
slower AV conduction (parasympathetic)
33
inotropic?
changes in force, energy, or strength of smth
34
positive inotropic effects?
high tension high speed of tension development faster rate of relaxation
35
negative inotropic effects?
low tension low rate of tension development slower rate of relaxation
36
T/F ventricular contractility is described by ionotropy
true
37
does PSNS innervate ventricles?
No
38
if there's isolated increase in contractility, how does that change the PV loop
steeper espvr slope larger stroke volume aortic v. opens at the same time
39
what change is this
exercise
40
what change is this
larger afterload
41
what change is this
larger preload
42
increase afterload will increase or decrease SV?
decrease SV
43
the higher contractility, the higher or lower inotrophy?
high inotrophy
44
sympathetic innervation of cardiomycoytes happens via which receptor?
b-adrenergic
45
steps of b-adrenergic stimulation of a cadiomyocyte
1. b-adrenergic receptor binds to Gsprotein 2. activate adenyl cyclase → cAMP → pKA 3. pKA phsophorylates: - proteins needed in sarcomere contractile like troponin or myosin-binding protein C - LTCC and RyR for better activity - phospholamban (SERCA works better)
46
phospholamban?
serca inhibitor
47
b-adrenergic receptor is activated by
NE
48
Increased Ca²⁺ influx in ventricular myocytes will ... phase 2
prolong
49
T/F PSNS will only affect contractility of the atria
trueee
50
PSNS results in which inotrophy on atrial cells?
negative inotropic
51
steps of parasympathetic stimulation of a cardiomyocyte
1. muscarinic receptor binds to Gi 2. deactivate adenyl cyclase → less cAMP → less pKA 3. less phosphorylation of key proteins, less force, less Ca
52
muscarinic receptor is activated by
ACh
53
during sympathetic stimulation, what happens to: - TPR - afterload - atrial pressure - preload - AV conduction - contractility
all will increase
54
regulating arterial constriction/dilation will change
TPR and systemic arterial pressure
55
regulating venous return will change
frank-starling and SV
56
regulation of the heart itself will change
HR av conduction cardiomyocyte contractility
57
decrease in BP will ... baroreceptor activity
decrease
58
when baroreceptor activity decreases, what does brain signal?
increase sympathetic for vasoconstriction, high contractility and HR
59
cardiopulmonary receptors?
low pressure baroreceptors (high pressure on is arterial baroreceptors)
60
low pressure baroreceptors are found in
few in central veins atria few in ventricles few in pulmonary arteries
61
high pressure baroreceptors detect ... while low pressure detect ..
high - increase in blood pressure low - increase in blood volume
62
how does low pressure baroreceptors work?
1. high blood volume stretch 2. signal to medulla oblongata 3. decrease sympathetic output to kidneys → renal vasodilation → decrease ADH → diuresis (bainbridge reflex also happens)
63
bainbridge reflex?
when there's increase in blood volume → atria stretch a bit → activate vagus n to release ACh → decrease PSNS → faster HR
64
when there's atrial stretch, cardiomyocytes release
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (stored in vesicles)
65
ANP binds to
NPR1 on vascular SM → muscle relaxation
66
ANPs are released from
atrial myocytes
67
BNPs are released fromn
ventricular myocytes
68
in the kidney, ANP (constrict or dilate) afferent and efferent?
dilate afferent constrict efferent mil
69
in the kidney, ANP inhibits
ENaC Na/K ATPase NKCC cotransporter
70
how does ANP affect GFR?
GFR increases bc afferent dilates efferent constricts
71
net ion effect of ANP in the kidney
increase Na excretion and diuresis
72
does ANP inhibit renin?
yes; directly inhibits renin release
73
ANP and BNP will cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction
vasodilation
74
ANP can suppress RAAS activity by
inhibiting renin, aldosterone and ADH secretion
74
does anp increase glomerular permeability?
yes
75
what is a potent inhibitor of thirst
ANP
76
can angiotensin II increase the release of ANP?
yes
77
if theres increase in blood volume ...
1. atrial volume receptors increase activity (decrease SNS activity) 2. increase ANP → decease aldosterone, ADH, renin 3. increase GFR 4. decrease thirst 4. Na+ excretion increase, diuresis and less water intake
78
ANP will cause vasodilation?
yes; directly lowering BP
79
is baroreceptors a short term regulation?
yes
80
is RAAS a short term regulation?
no; mid-longer term regulation
81
is kidney/behavior a short term regulation?
long term
82
T/F Skin arterioles have dense sympathetic innervation
true
83
during exercise, sympathetic tone is withdrawn in skin arterioles. why?
cause vasodilation to bring blood to skin surface to dissipate heat
84
In the skeletal muscle vascular bed, basal flow AT REST is very (high/low) compared to other organs
low
85
In the skeletal muscle vascular bed, resistance to flow is (less/more) during exercise
less
86
coronary blood flow is controlled mainly by
metabolic demand
87
LV coronary flow is high when
myocardial o2 consumption is high
88
what is the major driver for myocaridal perfusion
o2 demand
89
when there's systemic hypertension, you wnat to fix it by (increasing or decreasing) the firing frequency?
increaseing
90
coronary blood supplies
myocardium
VM 518 - Cardiovascular
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