1
Q
artery?
A
carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body
2
Q
veins?
A
carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
3
Q
PDA means?
A
patent ductus arteriosus
4
Q
PDA causes
A
left-to-right shunt due to abnormal connection btw aorta and pulmonary artery
5
Q
why does PDA create a continuous murmur?
A
blood abnormally flows from aorta to pulmonary artery → turbulent flow causing noise
6
Q
why blood flow from aorta to pulmonary artery in PDA?
A
aortic pressure is higher than pulmonary artery pressure
7
Q
is it normal to have ductus arteriosus in fetus? why?
A
yes; to bypass fluid-filled nonfunctional lungs
8
Q
where does gas exchange occur in the fetus?
A
placenta, not the lungs
9
Q
blood flow in fetal circulation
A
- oxygenated blood from the placenta via umbilical vein
- ductus venosus
- right atrium → right ventricle
- pulmonary artery → ductus arteriosus → descending aorta → body
OR
- right atrium → foramen ovale → left atrum/ventricle → ascending aorta → brain + coronary
- deoxygenated blood to the placenta via umbilical arteries
10
Q
does maternal blood mix with fetal blood?
A
no; gas exchange happens by diffusion at the placental barrier
11
Q
left-to-right shunt?
A
oxygenated blood flows from aorta to pulmonary artery
12
Q
blue labels
A
13
Q
red labels
A
14
Q
T/F
left-to-right shunt skips the systemic circulation and goes directly from aorta to pulmonary ciculation
A
tRUE
15
Q
aorta?
A
carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
16
Q
aorta comes from which side of the heart?
A
left side (left ventricle)
17
Q
pulmonary artery?
A
carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
18
Q
T/F
pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated even tho it is an artery
A
trueee
19
Q
pulmonary veins
A
carry oxygenated blood from the lungs → left atrium
20
Q
T/F
pulmonary veins carry oxygenated even tho it’s called a vein
A
true
21
Q
right atrium receives ..
A
deoxygenated blood from the body
22
Q
right ventricle?
A
pumps blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery
23
Q
left atrium receives …
A
oxygenated blood from the lungs
24
Q
left ventricle?
A
pumps blood to the body via aorta
25
blood flow?
body → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → body
26
label all
27
mean pressure in ascending aorta
100 mmHg
28
mean pressure in pulmonary trunk
15 mmHg
29
ascending aorta?
from left ventricle to upward to aortic arch → branches off into coronary arteries
30
descending aorta?
after aortic arch → travels downward to the body
31
coronary arteries?
deliver blood to the myocardium
32
branches of the aortic arch?
1. brachiocephalic trunk
2. left common carotid artery
3. left subclavian artery
33
myocardium?
heart muscle
34
brachiocephalic trunk splits into
right common carotid artery
right subclavian artery
35
right common carotid artery supplies
right side of the head and brain
36
right subclavian artery supplies
right arm
37
left common carotid artery supplies
left side of the head and brain
38
left subclavian artery supplies
left arm
39
Are systemic organs arranged in series or parallel? why?
parallel; allows redistribution of blood flow depending on the body's needs
40
T/F
blood flows from high pressure to low pressure
truee
41
the amount of blood flow depends on
perfusion pressure (ΔP)
diameter of the vessel
42
ΔP =
arterial pressure - venous pressure
43
blood flow formula
44
Which vessels contribute most to organ resistance?
Arterioles
45
higher the ΔP,
higher the flow
46
perfusion pressure?
pressure gradient that pushes the blood flow thru an organ
47
which one has higher resistance?
single capillary or arteriole
single capillary due to small radius
48
which one has higher resistance?
network of capillary or arteriole
arteriole; total resistance of the capillary network is low
49
Total Peripheral Resistance?
total resistance to blood flow of all systemic blood vessels
(how hard it is to push blood thru the body)
50
resistance ∝
1/r⁴
51
cardiac output?
amount of blood that heart pumps per min
52
cardiac output =
53
mean arterial pressure?
mean aortic - mean central venous pressure
= average pressure in the arteries in one cycle
54
higher the TPR, what happens to cardiac output
decrease
55
normal systemic arterial blood pressure in dogs
90-140 systolic / 50-80 diastolic
56
normal systemic arterial blood pressure in cats
80-140 systolic / 55-75 diastolic
57
diastole?
when ventricles relax and fill with blood
58
Which valves are open during diastole?
mitral and tricuspid valves
59
Which valves are closed during diastole?
aortic and pulmonary valves
60
diastolic pressure?
lowest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
61
systole?
when ventricles contract and eject blood
62
Which valves are closed during systole?
mitral and tricuspid valves
63
Which valves are open during systole?
aortic and pulmonary valves
64
systolic pressure?
highest arterial pressure during the cardiac cycle
65
Does systole and diastole occur in both sides of the heart?
yes
66
Are pressures the same in the right and left heart?
no; left one has higher pressures
67
end-diastolic volume
volume when maximally filled
68
end-systolic volume
minimum volume at the end of systole
69
stroke volume
amount of blood ejected per beat
70
stroke volume formula
end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume
71
ejection fraction formula
stroke volume / end-diastolic volume
72
cardiac output formula
stroke volume x heart rate
73
T/F
left heart CO = right heart CO
true
74
normal CO in dogs
100-200 ml/kg/min
75
normal EF in dogs
> 55-60%
76
ejection fraction?
% of end-diastolic volume that was ejected
77
T/F
PDA occurs due to high cardiac output
true; excessive blood flow thru the lungs
78
pulmonary hypertension?
abnormally high pressure in the pulmonary arteries
79
pulmonary edema happens due to
high pressure in the capillaries
80
formula for compliance
81
formula for stiffness (k)
82
elasticity?
ability to return to original state
83
veins?
carry blood to the heart
84
arteries?
carry blood away from the heart
85
purpose of valves?
unidirectional flow of blood
86
cusps
wide flaps of tissue
87
chordae tendineae
connect cusps to muscles of ventricles
88
R atrioventricular valve?
tricuspid valve
89
L atrioventricular valve?
mitral valve
90
tricuspid valve is btw
right atrium and right ventricle
91
mitral valve is btw
left atrium and left ventricle
92
R semilunar valve
pulmonary valve
93
L semilunar valve
aortic valve
94
pulmonary valve is btw
R ventricle and pulmonary artery
95
aortic valve is btw
L ventricle and aorta
96
semilunar valves open when
heart contracts
97
What are heart valves made of?
fibrous connective tissue flaps attached to the fibrous skeleton
98
electrical insulation btw atria and ventricles is important because
it prevents the heart from contracting all at one
(atria, then ventricles)
99
ossa cordis?
bones that develop within the fibrous skeleton
100
importance of fibrous skeleton
acts as an insulator btw atria and ventricles
101
ossa cordis is located at the
base of the aorta
102
cattle have how many ossa cordis?
two
103
pericardium?
sac that separates heart from other organs
104
innermost layer of the pericardium
visceral pericardium = epicardium
105
outermost layer of the pericardium
parietal pericardium
106
fibrous pericardium
layer of connective tissue that gives some stiffness to the sac
107
pericardial fluid is located btw
visceral and parietal pericardium
108
function of pericardial fluid
soothes heart contraction and relaxation
109
if you view the heart from left side of animal, you see
auricular surface of the heart
110
if you view the heart from right side of animal, you see
atrial surface of the heart
111
larger the perfusion pressure, is the flow good or bad?
good; arterial and venous pressure have larger diff → good blood flow
112
conus arteriosus?
smooth outflow portion of the right ventricle that leads into the pulmonary trunk
113
terminal crest?
muscular ridge in the right atrial wall
114
intervenous tubercle
btw the openings of cranial and caudal vena cava
115
coronary sinus?
venous channel that collection deoxygenated blood from myocardium and drains into the right atrium
116
where is AV node located?
in the right atrium near the opening of the coronary sinu
117
small animals generally have:
high/low HR
small/large SV
High HR
Small SV
118
large animals generally have:
high/low HR
small/large SV
Low HR
Large SV
119
function of chordae tendinae
prevent the AV valves from folding back into the atria during systole
120
function of trabeculae setpmarginale?
transmit electrical impulses from the interventricular septum to the ventriclal walls
121
right atrioventricular orifice
opening between right atrium and right ventricle
- closed by tricuspid valve
122
VM 518 - Cardiovascular
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
Intro122
-
Electrophysiology98
-
Heart Anatomy38
-
Fetal Circulation16
-
radiographs23
-
heart as a pump152
-
Endothelium Hemostasis73
-
Microscopic Anatomy of Vessels80
-
Venipuncture8
-
ECG68
-
Physiology Heart as a Pump12
-
Particularities in LA58
-
Heart Microanatomy58
-
Microcirculation25
-
Dairy Barn16
-
Live Animal Lab - cardio+resp37
-
Echo66
-
Control of Local Tissue Perfusion46
-
Systemic BP91
-
Integration across system75
-
Review Cases0
