1
Q
A cells complete complement of DNA is called its
A
genome
2
Q
A single, double-stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop or a circle
A
Prokaryotes
3
Q
Nucleoid region is ______
A
prokaryotic
4
Q
several double stranded, linear DNA molecules bound with proteins
A
chromosomes
5
Q
eukaryotes are found in the _______
A
nucleus
6
Q
Which cell type has:
- singular circular chromosome
A
prokaryotes
7
Q
Which cell type has:
- multiple linear chromosomes
A
eukaryotes
8
Q
_____ must be accessible to be read but compact when it needs to be moved around
A
DNA
9
Q
DNA is organized into ________ - beads on a chain
A
nucleosomes
10
Q
Nucleosomes are ______ with the associated DNA wrapped around it
A
protein histones
11
Q
Nucleosome pack ____ together to form chromosomes
A
tightly
12
Q
A human cell ___ meters of DNA
A
2
13
Q
DNA molecules in extended, uncondensed form = __________
A
chromatin
14
Q
DNA molecules condense to form ________ prior to division
A
chromosomes
15
Q
______ are genetically described by the # of chromosomes and number of copies and chromosomes it contains
A
species
16
Q
The H. sapiens genome is _______
A
diploid
17
Q
_____ refers to the # of copies of each chromosome an organism an organism has
A
Ploidy
18
Q
3 classes of ploidy
A
diploid, triploid, polyploidy
19
Q
Isolating and comparing size of an organism is known as __________
A
karyotyping
20
Q
What technique can we use to identify a chromosomal abnormality such as Down’s Syndrome
A
Karyotyping
21
Q
________ chromosomes are those that code for the same genes
A
Homologous
22
Q
Three classes of cellular division
A
Binary fission, Mitosis, Meiosis
23
Q
Binary fission:
occurs in _____ cells
produce ______ cells
A
prokaryotes ; 2 identical cells
24
Q
Mitosis:
- occurs in ____ cells
- produces _____ cells
A
eukaryotes (somatic) ; 2 identical cells
25
Meiosis:
- occurs in _____ cells
- produces ______ cells
reproductive ; 4 unique cells
26
Prokaryotic chromosome is a circular loop of DNA called a _______
nucleoid
27
The primary method of reproduction for prokaryotes
Binary fission
28
T/F: Binary fission increases the variation in a population
false; because it is a asexual
29
Between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
"which have more DNA on many linear chromosomes"
Eukaryotic cells
30
The _____ refers to the phase a cell will go through in normal life
cell cycle
31
What two phases make up the cell cycle?
interphase ; M phase
32
cells spend most of their life in the pre-interphase, _____ phase
G0
33
T/F: G0 can last a short time (days) or a long time (years)
True
34
Interphase can be separated into what 3 parts?
G1, S, G2
35
_____ phase is crucially important for the proper replication of all the cells DNA
S
36
Replicated chromosomes stay attached at the _______ so things don't get mixed up resulting in SISTER chromatids
centromere
37
During M phase the sister chromatid will separate resulting in _______
daughter chromosomes
38
T/F: homologous chromosomes are easily confused with sister chromatid
True
39
_____ is described in 5 key stages are defined by the activity of the chromosomes
Mitosis
40
Cell cycle starts with a _______ cell and results in 2 genetically identical ______ cells
parental ; daughter
41
chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves
prophase
42
Microtubules attach to sister chromatids
pro-metaphase
43
sister chromatids line up on metaphase plate
metaphase
44
sister chromatids separated, become daughter chromosomes
anaphase
45
daughter chromosomes have moved to cell's poles
telophase
46
chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle
S phase
47
characteristics of the genetic material found in prokaryotic organisms like bacteria include all of the following except:
A. One singular chromosome
B. DNA is bound and organized w/ proteins
C. Diploid with homologous chromosomes
D. DNA is replicated before cell division
E. DNA is located in the nucleoid
C. Diploid with homologous chromosomes
48
______ form the mitotic spindle
microtubules
49
Telophase and mitosis come to completion with _________
cytokinesis
50
The result of the cell cycle and mitosis is the production of two identical ______ cells
daughter
51
The cell cycle and mitosis is used to accomplish what 3 things?
Grow new tissue
Replace old tissue
Repair damaged tissue
52
Regulatory proteins called ____ control the cell cycle at checkpoints
cyclins
53
____ checkpoint decides whether or not cell will divide
G1
54
____ checkpoint determines if DNA has been properly replicated
S
55
_____ checkpoint ensures chromosomes are aligned at mitotic plate
Mitotic Spindle
56
______ is the result of the cell cycle running out of control
cancer
57
T/F: cancerous cells reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
True
58
Masses of cancer cells form ______
tumors
59
If haploid cells are fertilized, the result is a ________ cell
Diploid
60
T/F: Gametes are haploids
True
61
If the genetic material in gametes was not haploid, when they combined, the _____ would have more genetic material than the parents
zygote
62
Sexual reproduction is the most common means of reproduction in ______ organisms
multicellular
63
Which type of reproduction results in REDUCTION in rate of population growth with great genetic diversity
Sexual reproduction
64
Which type of reproduction results in RAPID population growth with little genetic variation
asexual reproduction
65
Most common sexually reproductive life cycle involves _________ organisms
diploid-dominant
66
Diploid-dominant organisms exhibit a __________ body
multicellular diploid
67
_________ life cycles are common among most fungi and some algae
Haploid-dominant
68
The third of sexually reproducing life cycle is known as ____________, found in plants and some algae
alternation of generations
69
________ is just 2 consecutive rounds of mitosis
Meiosis
70
Know key differences between meiosis and mitosis
Ok
71
_________ is the result of chromosome cross-over during meiosis I
Recombination
72
During _______ and ______ homologous chromosomes are in very close contact
prophase I ; metaphase I
73
an abnormal number of chromosomes, can be more or less than euploid, frequently deadly
aneuploid
74
changes to one of the chromosomes structures usually less harmful than aneuploid disorders
chromsome structural arrangement
75
3 main changes in chromosome structure
deletion, duplication, translocation
76
_______: part of a chromosome is lost during cell division / chromosome is missing genes
deletion
77
region of chromosome is repeated
duplication
78
piece of chromosome moves to another chromosome
Translocation
79
failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids separating
nondisjunction
80
_______ results from non-disjunction
aneuploid
81
an offspring with a single chromosome
monosomy
82
an offspring with an additional chromosome
trisomy
83
study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring
genetics
84
Traits are determined ______ on the _______
genes ; chromosomes
85
A gene is a segment of ______ that determines a _____
DNA ; trait
86
T/F: most enzymes are proteins
true
87
chromosomes come in ______ pairs, thus _____ come in pairs
homologous ; genes
88
homologous pairs - _______ genes - one from female parent and one from male parent
matching
89
different versions of genes for the same trait
alleles
90
Each gene is a region of DNA that codes for a _______
protein
91
Humans have between ________ and _____ genes
20k ; 25k
92
T/F: Animals have more genes than many plant species
false
93
what are the 2 general classes of traits early geneticists studied
continuous & discontinuous variation
94
type of traits that would fit a bell curve (ex: height of a human)
continuos variation
95
type of traits that would be expressed in a bar graph (ex: dimples within human population)
dis-continuous variation
96
an obsolete 19th-century biological theory stating that offspring inherit traits as a smooth intermediate blend of their parents' characteristics
blended inheritance
97
_________ developed the Laws of Inheritance in mid 19th century
Gregor Mendel
98
Gene that PREVENTS the other gene from "showing"
dominant
99
Gene that DOES NOT "show" even though it is present
recessive
100
Dominant gene = ______ case letter
Recessive gene = ______ case letter
upper ; lowercase
101
refers to the physical genes that the organism carries
genotype
102
an organisms ______ refers to the expression pattern of said genes
phenotype
103
the dominant allele will be expressed in phenotype
law of dominance
104
as gametes are produced alleles will be separated
law of segregation
105
alleles from either parent will be sorted randomly prior to being separated
law of independent assortment
106
individuals with one recessive copy of a gene are known as "_______"
carriers
107
The ________ reveals another repeatable phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1
dihybrid-cross
108
_________ is the result of one allele unable to "overpower" the other
incomplete dominance
109
__________ similar to incomplete dominance
co-dominance
110
The _____ chromosomes create another interesting pattern of inheritance
sex
111
_____ individuals only carry a single copy of a sex-linked gene
hemizygous
112
change which parent show dominant and recessive traits
reciprocal cross
113
inability to distinguish between certain colors
colorblindness
114
the interaction between genes that influences a phenotype
epistasis
115
coat color in mice follows ________ regulation
epistatic
116
environmental factors that influence the expression of genes
epigenetic
117
a trait that is the result of many different gene s working together
polygenetic traits
118
genes located closely together on same chromosome tend to be inherited together
linked genes
119
dictate that in a DNA molecule, the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G) through hydrogen bonds
Base pairing rules
120
________ took a photo that showed the structure of DNA
Franklin
121
_____ and _____ published the whole model of DNA
Watson ; crick
122
______ is built upon deoxyribose sugar, ___ upon ribose sugar
DNA ; RNA
123
______ contain a single ring structure (ex: cytosine and thymine)
Pyrimidines
124
_____ contain double ring structures (ex: guanine and adenine)
pruines
125
the structure of a DNA molecule is ______ and ______
constant ; specific
126
Main difference of monomers between DNA & RNA
RNA utilizes uracil rather than thymine
127
T/F: RNA can have enzymatic activity
True
128
A template strand of DNA is
3' TAGGCATTGCA 5'
What is the complementary DNA strand that is created from this template during replication?
5' ATCCGTAAACGT 3'
129
In an analysis of the nucleotide composition of DNA to see which bases are equivalent in amount, which of the following are true
G=T , A=T, G=A, A=C. T=C
A=T
130
Prior to protein synthesis, the DNA:
Reads anticodons to assemble mRNA code
Attaches to ribosomes for protein synthesis
Serves as a template for the production of mRNA
Attracts tRNA's with appropriate amino acids
Must first undergo replication
Serves as a template for the production of mRNA
131
Which of the following is NOT needed in DNA replication:
free DNA nucleotide bases
DNA ligase
Ribosomes
Helicase
free RNA nucleotide bases
Ribosomes
132
Information coded by a DNA molecule is contained in:
A. The order of the nucleotide sequence
B. The orientation of the sugar and phosphate bonds
C. The polymerase molecule that binds to the DNA strands
D. The total number of nucleotides it contains
E. The order of the amino acid sequence
A.
133
When RNA is being made from DNA template strand the RNA base _____ always pairs with the DNA base ______
U ... A
134
How does RNA polymerase know where to start transcribing a gene into mRNA?
It recognizes promotor sequence
135
Control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs at which level(s)? (ETPtTPt)
epigenetic
transcriptional
post-transcriptional
translational
post-translational
136
3 steps of DNA replication
initiation ; elongation ; termination
137
_______:
proteins bind to origin region
helicase unwinds and opens DNA
Initiation
138
_____:
- primase makes RNA primer with RNA nucleotides (U instead of T)
- DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides
- Leading and Lagging strands
elongation
139
In 2 stranded DNA, the 2 complimentary strands run in ________ directions to one another
opposite
140
__________:
- Attaches parent strand of DNA
- Build a short complimentary segment of RNA
- RNA contains Uracil not thymine
- RNA primer will need to be replaced later
Primase
141
_________:
- RNA primers removed and replaced with DNA
- Ligase joins segments together to connect all nicks
Termination
142
__________ is the region at the ends of Eukaryotic linear chromosomes
Telomere
143
___________ comes in at the end of DNA replication and adds repeated regions to the end of the chromosomes extending the template strand
Telomerase
144
DNA polymerase has _____ fidelity, but mistakes still occur
high
145
Order of central dogma of biology
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
146
instructions in the gene are copied to messenger RNA = mRNA
Transcription
147
instructions in mRNA are used by ribosomes to insert the correct amino acids in the correct sequence to form protein coded for by that gene
Translation
148
The gene promoters are a form of gene _________
regulation
149
The last part of the central dogma concerns the translation of mRNA to __________
polypeptides
150
The last part of the central dogma concerns the translation of mRNA to _________
polypeptides
151
the code to translate between RNA and amino acids require a ________ codon
3-letter
152
More than one codon for some amino acids
Redundant
153
Each codon codes for only one amino acid and does not code for any other amino acid
Unambiguous
154
__________ is a post-transcriptional level gene regulation that can also increase diversity
Alternative splicing
155
T/F: There are 2 classes of genetic mutations
True
156
2 classes of genetic mutations
point mutation
frameshift mutation
157
We as humans have practicing biotechnology for _______ of years
thousands
158
recombinant DNA technology starting modern biotech as an industry is an example of what type of biotechnology?
modern
159
__________ from prokaryotes cut DNA in very specific locations
restriction enzymes
160
T/F: child can inherit a band from mother or from father
true
161
genomic DNA is the genetic code for all proteins an organism will _______
express
162
cloning has a long history in the study of _______ biology
molecular
163
genetic diagnosis and gene therapy are 2 breakthrough areas in _________
biotechnology
164
___________ is the creation of recombinant pieces of DNA
Genetic engineering
165
Biotechnology is also used to solve ______ problems
industrial
166
bio
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
