1
Q
Theory of Evolution has ___ principles
A
3
2
Q
traits must have a genetic basis and be passed on to offspring = _____
A
inheritance
3
Q
different traits present give some individuals a higher chance to leave offspring
A
differences in survival and reproduction
4
Q
genetic variation must be present in the ______
A
population
5
Q
levels of organization
(AMCTOBsOPCEB)
A
- Atoms
- Molecule
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Body System
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere
6
Q
living things composed of cells
A
organisms
7
Q
groups of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
A
population
8
Q
groups different populations that live together in a defined area
A
community
9
Q
the “father” of evolution
A
Charles Darwin
10
Q
evolution was first defined by
A
Lamarck
11
Q
Giraffe seeks food, and stretches its neck to acquire the leaves
A
Lamarckism #1
12
Q
Continual stretching results in longer neck . Longer neck is passed on to offspring
A
Lamarckism #2
13
Q
_____ was the naturalist aboard the H.M.S. Beagle
A
Darwin
14
Q
Darwins observations abroad the H.M.S. Beagle led to hypothesis of
A
Natural Selection
15
Q
Variation within offspring
A
natural selection
16
Q
the variation provides an advantage to one of the offspring. The others will not pass on their genes.
A
Selective Advantage
17
Q
Natural selection the “driver” of ______
A
evolution
18
Q
Organism inherit their _______ from their parents
A
characteristic
19
Q
More offspring produced than survive to _______ age
A
reproductive
20
Q
________ will lead to competition for those resources
A
limited resources
21
Q
There is ______ between the characteristics of offspring and these differences will be inherited by the next generation
A
variation
22
Q
Darwin’s one hang up was that _____ took a significantly long time
A
evolution
23
Q
Studies of the _________ have yielded much support for the theory of Natural Selection
A
Galapagos finches
24
Q
process in nature by which the organisms best adapted to their environment survive and are better able to pass their genetic characteristics to the next generation
A
Natural selection
25
T/F: Individuals not as well adapted to their environment tend to be eliminated
True
26
________ is the process
________ is the outcome
Natural selection ; Evolution
27
Individuals who have traits that put them at advantage over individuals who do not posses those traits typically have greater ______
fitness
28
increased through the survival of individuals that are immune to the effects of the antibiotic
antibiotic resistance
29
The ________ reconciles Darwin's work with modern genetics
Modern Synthesis
30
Population genetics offers a lens to understand _________ populations
evolving
31
studies the frequencies of alleles within a population
population genetics
32
T/F: frequencies are described as percentages and so add to 100%
True
33
T/F: If one allele increases in frequency, one or fewer must decrease in frequency
False; one or MORE must decrease in frequency
34
a change in the gene frequency of a population
evolution
35
4 Mechanisms that drive evolution (MGfGdNs)
1. Mutation
2. Gene Flow
3. Genetic Drift
4. Natural Selection
36
defined as changes at the nucleotide level - vital for providing new alleles in a population
mutation
37
defined as random change to allele frequencies in a given population
genetic drift
38
________ can cause alleles to randomly achieve fixation
genetic drift
39
chance events, not differences in fitness has greater impact on smaller populations
Genetic drift
40
T/F: Genetic drift is exaggerated during population bottleneck effects
True
41
defined as a drastic reduction of the breeding population
population bottleneck
42
the founder effect is another type of bottleneck event
Genetic drift
43
migration of alleles from one population to another
gene flow
44
______ to reproduction are relative to the species in consideration
barriers
45
is a special type of natural selective pressure identified by Darwin
sexual selection
46
we tend to see the effects of sexual selection on ____ members of the species
male
47
T/F: Evidence of evolution comes from several sources
True
48
______ fossils show the progression or evolution of a given species
transition
49
The evolution of the _____ on the North American continent illustrates natural selection
horse
50
comparative ______ and _______ offer extensive support of evolution
anatomist ; embryologist
51
comparative anatomist have observed many ________ as observed in divergent evolution
homologous structures
52
_____ structures are those that certain species have but do not use (pelvic bone in snakes, wings in flightless birds, tails in humans)
vestigal structures
53
_______ distributions illustrate divergent evolution in isolation
biogeographic
54
_______ biology provides some of the most inarguable support for evolution
molecular
55
a group of actually or potentially interbreeding individuals
species
56
is the formation of two species from one original species
speciation
57
Darwin saw speciation as the branching of the tree of ____
life
58
______ isolation occurs before fertilization - zygote is never formed
prezygotic
59
______ isolation occurs after fertilization - a zygote may form
postzygotic
60
_____ speciation occurs with organisms in different environments
allopatric
61
a population moves to a new region or environment
dispersal
62
a natural phenomena separates two populations
vicariance
63
_____ speciation occurs with organisms in the same environment
sympatric
64
_______ competition can result in sympatric speciation
intra-species
65
defined as the advantage provided by a given phenotype
natural selection
66
science of identifying and classifying
taxonomy
67
study of relationships among organisms
systematics
68
the evolutionary history and relationships among organism
phylogeny
69
a diagram of the relationships among organisms
phylogenetic tree
70
developed the formula for taxonomic organization of life
carl linnaeus
71
classifications of life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
72
a ______ tree is another way to attempt to understand the relatedness of species
phylogenetic
73
helps taxonomists determine convergent form divergent evolution
molecular systematics
74
also aids in determining differences between evolutionary processes
embryology
75
group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants
clade
76
infers that the most simple explanation is likely the most accurate
parsimony
77
No nucleus = ______
unicellular
78
______ have evolved means of gaining genetic diversity
Prokaryotes
79
Bacteria cell wall is made of _________
peptidoglycan
80
Archaea cell wall made of ___________
S-layer proteins
81
a protein matrix that surrounds cell
S layer
82
T/F: Archaea often only have S-layer cell walls
false; S layer combined with something else
83
Archaea are often found in _______ environments
extreme
84
________ bacteria area responsible for many pandemics throughout history
pathogenic
85
_____ are widely over-used and are losing their efficacy
Antibiotics
86
_____ are also responsible for our food borne diseases
Bacteria
87
In the past, _____ was the big culprit of food poisoning
Botulism
88
T/F: prokaryotes are not all bad
true
89
2 billion years ago we see the emergence of _______, marked with the increase of atmospheric ______
cyanobacteria ; O2
90
_______ evolved from simple phototrophs
Cyanobacteria
91
_______ are responsible for enriching the atmosphere with oxygen enabling the spread of aerobic respiration
cyanobacteria
92
some bacteria change N2 from atmosphere into forms that other organisms can use, NH3, NO3 (fix nitrogen)
nitrogen fixation
93
______ are the "junk drawer" of life
Protista
94
T/F: There is an enormous amount diversity amongst the Protista
true
95
_____ = protista plasmodium: destroys red blood cells
malaria
96
_______: can severely impact potato crops if not treated
potato blight
97
______ must infect both mosquitos and humans to complete its life cycle
plasmodium
98
_________ was responsible for the great 19th century potato famine of Ireland
phytophthora
99
the cell wall of fungi is made of _____
chitin
100
Fungi undergo both ______ and _____ reproduction
sexual ; asexual
101
Fungi were once considered closely related to plants yet they are _______
heterotrophic
102
Some fungi have even evolved complex "hunting behaviors" - _________
predation
103
many important disease of plants and animals
pathogenic fungi
104
early plants made additional ______ that allowed for their diversity and predominance
adaptations
105
the ______ results in multicellular organism with both multicellular haploid and multicellular diploid stages
alternation of generations
106
_______ gave plants the ability to adapt to changing environments
alternation of generations
107
A _____ wil produce halpoid spores that will grow into a gametophyte
sporophyte
108
A ______ will in turn create gametes that will combine to create a new sporophyte
gametophyte
109
early plants made additional adaptations that allowed for their ______ and _____
diversity ; predominance
110
the cell walls main job
provides support
111
The ________ is a region of un-differentiated cells - stem cells
apical meristem
112
vascular plants developed ____ and _____ cells to achieve transport over longer distances
xylem ; phloem
113
_______ cells form small pipe like structure that conduct water
xylem
114
______ cells create larger tunnels for the passage of nutrients and sugars
phloem
115
Plants evolved a _______ to reduce dessication from leaves and _____ to allow gas exchange
waxy cuticle ; stomata
116
Plants are sessile - this led to the creation of ____ to reduce predation
toxins
117
Provide correct group name for these characteristics:
- no vascular tissue
- ex: moss
Bryophytes
118
Provide correct group name for these characteristics:
- vascular
- produce spores
- ex: fern
Seedless vascular plants
119
Provide correct group name for these characteristics:
- seeds
- no flowers
- ex: conifers
Gymnosperms
120
Provide correct group name for these characteristics:
- seeds
- flowers
- fruits
- ex: monocots & dicots
Angiosperms
121
Provide correct group name for these characteristics:
- 1 cotyledon
- parallel veins
- ex: grass
Monocots
122
Provide correct group name for these characteristics:
- 2 cotyledons
- net veins
- ex: daisy
Dicots
123
4 Majors Steps of Plant Evolution (GolDvtDsPf)
1. Get on land
2. Develop vascular tissue
3. Develop seeds
4. Produce flowers
124
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are an example of what
Bryophyta
125
The ______ plants represent an easily overlooked but diverse group of plants
seedless
126
T/F: Bryophyta lack vascular tissue
True
127
Clubmoss, Spikemoss, Quillwort, and Ferns are examples of
seedless vascular plants
128
_____ provide the embryo of plants with protection and nourishment
seeds
129
T/F: seeds protect the embryo from drying out
true
130
2 types of spores
female megaspores ; male microspores
131
________ represent the earliest seed and producing plants
gymnosperms
132
T/F: gymnosperm group share a single common ancestor
false
133
Do male or female cones produce pollen?
male
134
Do male or female cones form a bracket that contains ovule
female
135
_______ evolved the flower
angiosperms
136
______ evolved fruit
angiosperms
137
flowers undergo _______ fertilization with a triploid zygote producing the nutritional support for the developing diploid seed
double
138
T/F: double fertilization is unique to angiosperms
true
139
angiosperms are a _____ group - share a single ancestor
monophyletic
140
angiosperms can be divided into what 2 groups
monocots ; dicots
bio
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