1
Q
A cells complete complement of DNA
A
genome
2
Q
A single, double stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop or a circle
A
Prokaryotes
3
Q
region for prokaryotes
A
nucleoid
4
Q
several double-stranded, linear DNA molecules bound with proteins to form complexed found in eukaryotes called
A
chromosomes
5
Q
chromosomes are located in
A
nucleus
6
Q
must be accessible to be read but compact when it needs to be moved around
A
DNA
7
Q
DNA is organized into _____ (beads on a chain)
A
nucleosomes
8
Q
Nucleosomes are ______ with the associated DNA wrapped around it
A
protein histones
9
Q
nucleosomes pack tightly together to form _______
A
chromosomes
10
Q
DNA molecules in extended uncondensed form
A
chromatin
11
Q
cell can only replicate and transcribe DNA when in ____ state
A
extended
12
Q
DNA molecules condense to form _____ prior to division
A
chromsomes
13
Q
T/F: each chromosome is a single molecule of DNA
A
True
14
Q
T/F: harder to sort and organize for cell division
A
false ; easier
15
Q
T/F: A human cell has 3 meters of DNA
A
false; 2
16
Q
are genetically described by the number of chromosomes and number of copies of chromosomes it contains
A
Species
17
Q
The H.sapiens genome is ______ consisting to 23 pairs of chromosomes
A
diploid
18
Q
refers to the number of copies of each chromosome an organism has
A
Ploidy
19
Q
3 classes of ploidy
A
diploid, triploid, polyploidy
20
Q
Isolating and comparing the size of an organism chromosomes
A
karyotyping
21
Q
karyotyping can be used to identify _________ such as Down’s Syndrome
A
chromosomal abnormalities
22
Q
type of chromosomes that code for the same genes
A
homologous
23
Q
T/F: We humans receive one of each homologous chromosome from each parent
A
True
24
Q
though homologous chromosomes code for the same genes this _______ mean that said genes are exactly the same sequence
A
DOES NOT
25
What are the 3 classes of cellular division
Binary fission, Mitosis, Meiosis
26
Fill in the blank:
__________
- Prokaryotes
- 1 Cell --> ______
- Unique _____ and ______
Binary fission
- Prokaryotes
- 1 Cell --> 2 identical cells
- Unique proteins and process
27
Fill in the blank:
__________
- Eukaryotes
- ______ cells
- 1 Cell --> ______
Mitosis
- Eukaryotes
- Somatic cells
- 1 Cell --> 2 identical cells
28
Fill in the blank:
__________
- Eukaryotes
- ________ cells
- 1 Cell --> 4 _____
Meiosis
- Eukaryotes
- Reproductive cells
- 1 Cell --> 4 unique cells
29
prokaryotic chromosome is a circular loop of DNA called
nucleoid
30
What is the process of prokaryotic cell division called?
Binary fission
31
Know steps of Binary Fission
Ok
32
Binary fission is _______ reproduction
asexual
33
T/F: Binary Fission does increase the variation in a population
false ; does not
34
The following are ______ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle:
- Cells grows
- DNA is replicated
- Division produces daughter cell identical to the parent
Similarities
35
The following are ______ between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle:
- Eukaryotic cells have more DNA on many linear chromosomes
- The timing of replication and cell division is highly regulated
Differences
36
refers to the phase a cell will go through in normal life
cell cycle
37
cell cycle can be divided into what two important phases
interphase ; M phase
38
cells spend most of their life in the __________ phase
G0
39
Interphase can be separated into what 3 parts
G1
S
G2
40
What occurs during G1 phase?
growth and development
41
What occurs during S phase?
DNA synthesis
42
What occurs during the G2 phase?
check points and prep for mitosis
43
is crucially important for the proper replication of all the cells DNA
S phase
44
____ are easily confused with sister chromatid
homologous chromosomes
45
5 stages of mitosis
prophase
pro-metaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
46
______ is the first stage of mitosis and is characterized by the condensation of chromosomes
prophase
47
_____ is an in-between step where microtubules are attaching to sister chromatid
Pro-metaphase
48
_______ form mitotic spindle
microtubules
49
In _______ we can observe the shape of the cell start to change
metaphase
50
______ is characterized by the separation of the sister chromatid
anaphase
51
______ is the last step before the cell will split into two identical cells
Telophase
52
Telophase and mitosis come to completion with _______
cytokinesis
53
The result of the cell cycle and mitosis is the production of two identical _________ cells
daughter
54
The cell cycle and mitosis is used to do what 3 things? (GntRotRdt)
- Grow new tissue
- Replace old worn-out tissue
- Repair damaged tissue
55
Regulatory proteins called _______ control the cell cycle at checkpoints
cyclins
56
____ checkpoint: decides whether or not cell will divide
G1
57
________ checkpoint: ensures chromosomes are aligned at mitotic plate
Mitotic spindle
58
______ checkpoint: determines if DNA has been properly replicated
S
59
_______ is the result of the cell cycle running out of control
Cancer
60
T/F: regardless of checkpoints, inevitably mutations will occur and be passed onto daughter cells
True
61
Which cells reproduce more rapidly, cancer cells or normal cells?
cancer cells
62
masses of cancer formed are called
tumors
63
If haploid cells are fertilized, what is the result?
diploid cell
64
T/F: Gametes are haploid
True
65
2 haploid reproductive cells
sperm ; egg cells
66
IF genetic material in gametes was NOT haploid when they combined. Which has more genetic material, zygote or parents?
zygote
67
_____ is specialized cell division resulting in cells with half the genetic material of the parents
meiosis
68
_______ is the most common means of reproduction in MULTICELLULAR organisms
sexual reproduction
69
which form of reproduction has greater diversity, sexual or asexual?
sexual
70
T/F: There are NOT multiple types of sexually reproductive life cycles
false
71
most common sexually reproductive life cycle involves ______ organisms
diploid dominant
72
diploid-dominant organisms exhibit a _____ diploid body
multicellular
73
______ life cycles are common amongst most fungi and some algae
haploid dominant
74
haploid dominant organisms exhibit a multicellular _____ body
haploid
75
the third type of sexually reproducing life cycle is known as the _______ found in plants and some algae
alternation of generations
76
with alternation of generations the organisms exhibit both haploid and diploid _______ bodies
multicellular
77
Meiosis is just 2 consecutive rounds of
mitosis
78
Where does the first key difference of mitosis and meiosis occur?
Metaphase 1
79
______ is the result of chromosome cross-over during meiosis I
recombination
80
during _____ and ______ homologous chromosomes are in very close contact
prophase I ; metaphase I
81
Regions near the _______ of the chromosomes can actually switch places
end
82
What is the result of recombination
new genetic chromosomes
83
____/_______ I: Each cell has 1 of each chromosome
Telophase; cytokinesis
84
The steps of meiosis II follow that of _______
mitosis
85
2 rounds of cell division
meiosis
86
mitosis occurs in ____ cells
meiosis occurs in ______ cells
somatic ; reproductive
87
an abnormal number of chromosomes can be more or less than euploid, frequently deadly
Aneuploid
88
What happens when meiosis breaks down or does not occur properly
Aneuploid
89
changes to one of the chromosomes structures usually less harmful than aneuploid disorders
chromosomal rearrangement
90
3 changes in chromosome structure
Deletion ; Duplication ; Translocation
91
- Part of a chromosome is lost during cell division
- chromosome is missing genes
Deletion
92
Region of chromosome is repeated
Duplication
93
Piece of a chromosome moves to another chromosome
Translocation
94
Homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis I
OR
sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II
nondisjunction
95
T/F: nondisjunction cannot create gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes.
false
96
abnormal number of chromosomes
aneuploid
97
98
aneuploid results from what
non-disjunction
99
aneuploid can result in ______, an offspring with a single chromosome
monosomy
100
study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring
genetics
101
traits are determined by the ____ on the _____
gene ; chromosomes
102
A gene is a segment of _____ that determines a trait
DNA
103
segments of DNA
Gene
104
Genes are transcribed and translated by the cell to make ______
protein
105
most enzymes are
proteins
106
chromosomes come in _______ pairs, thus _____ come in pairs
homologous ; genes
107
matching genes - one from female parent and one form male parent
homologous pairs
108
different versions of genes for the same trait
alleles
109
T/F: An example of alleles: "purple flowers or white flowers"
true
110
E.coli has ______ genes
4,401
111
Humans have between ____-____ genes
20k ; 25k
112
T/F: Many plant species have more genes than animals
true
113
there are ___ general classes of traits early geneticists studied
two
114
describes a range of phenotypic traits where individuals in a population show a smooth gradient of characteristics rather than distinct categories
continuous variation genetics
115
qualitative traits that exist in distinct, separate categories with no intermediate forms, such as blood type or biological sex
Discontinuous
116
Earliest understanding of inheritance was based on
animal husbandry
117
What is the concept being described:
"If a cattle farmer wanted larger animals in the herd, then they would invest in larger bulls"
blended inheritance
118
T/F: The common garden pea Mendel studied is able to self-fertilize
true
119
Know punnet square
Ok.
120
Gene that prevents the other gene from "showing"
Dominant
121
Gene that does NOT "show" even though it is present
recessive
122
Symbol for dominant gene
upper case letter
123
Symbol for recessive gene
lower case letter
124
An organisms _____ refers to the physical genes that the organism carries
genotype
125
An organisms _____ refers to the expression pattern of said genes
phenotype
126
different versions of genes for the same trait
alleles
127
Which parent goes on the top of the punnet square? Which on the side?
Top: Parent 1
Side: Parent 2
128
The two alleles for each gene are placed in different gametes
Law of segregation
129
The inheritance of one gene doesn't affect the inheritance of any other gene
law of independent assortment
130
when two different alleles are present, only one is dominant and will be expressed
law of dominance
131
Individuals with one recessive copy of a gene are known as
carriers
132
Dominant does not equal ______
common
133
Recessive does not equal ____
rare
134
the result of one allele unable to "overpower" the other
Incomplete dominance
135
136
Co dominance is similar to _____
incomplete dominance
137
Human blood typing has ___ alleles for Types ______
3 ; A, B, O
138
Human blood type is an example of which dominance?
co-dominance
139
Which blood type is the universal donor
Type O
140
Which blood type is the universal acceptor
Type AB+
141
The ____ chromosomes crate another interesting pattern of inheritance
sex chromosomes
142
The _____ chromosomes create another interesting pattern of inhertitance
sex
143
______ individuals only carry a single copy of a sex-linked gene
Hemizygous
144
Sex-linked alleles show different genotypic ratios than alleles found in ________
autosomes
145
change in which parent show dominant and recessive traits
reciprocal cross
146
inability to distinguish between certain colors
color blindless
147
standing upon = modifier genes
epistasis
148
interaction between genes that influences a phenotype
epistasis
149
T/F: epistasis genes may mask the trait
true
150
coat color in mice follows _______ regulation
epistatic
151
name one example of epigenetic in human health
Psychological state
Social interactions
Alternative medicine
Therapeutic drugs
Microbiome
Exercise
Financial status
Drugs of abuse
Toxic chemicals
Disease exposure
Diurnal/Seasonal correlations
Diet
152
refers to the closesness of genes or other DNA sequences to one another on the same chromosome
linkage
153
the closer together link genes are on the chromosome, the greater the ______
linkage
154
A trait that is the result of many different genes working together
Polygenetic traits
155
gene expression influenced by environment
epigenetic
156
DNA can be found within the ______ or the ______
nucleus ; nucleoid
157
_______ cells have a membrane bound nucleus that houses linear chromosomes
eukaryotic
158
_______ cells have a singular circular chromosome that is found within the cytoplasm
Prokaryotic
159
Eukaryotic linear chromosomes condense to form __________
various structures
160
Eukaryotic DNA exhibits multiple levels of _______
organization
161
Base-pairing rules
Chargaff
162
Chargaff understood that DNA was comprised of ____ different molecules
4
163
Who produced a photo that showed the structure of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
164
Who published the whole model of DNA
Watson and Crick
165
DNA is built upon _______ sugar
RNA upon ______ sugar
deoxyribose ; ribose
166
What 3 things does a DNA monomer contain?
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Base
167
Pyridines contain a _____ ring structure
single
168
Purines contain _____ ring structures
double
169
A _____ will always pair with a pyrimidine
purine
170
T/F: the structure of a DNA molecule is constant and specific
true
171
The 2 complimentary strands of DNA run in _____ directions to one another
opposite
172
RNA has _____ unique monomers
4
173
In RNA, Thymine is replaced with ______
Uracil
174
DNA synthesis occurs during the ____ phase of the cell cycle
S
175
DNA replication is _______
semiconservative
176
3 major steps of DNA replication
initiation
elongation
termination
177
Which stage of DNA is being described:
- proteins bind to origin region
- helices unwinds and opens RNA
- other proteins bind to hold strands apart
Initiation
178
Which stage of DNA replication is being described:
- Primase makes RNA primer with RNA
- DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides
- Leading and lagging strands
Elongation
179
Which stage of DNA replication is being described:
- RNA primers removed and replaced with DNA
- Ligase joints segments together to connect all nicks
Termination
180
a region at the ends of eukaryotic linear chromosomes
telomere
181
has a high fidelity, but mistakes still occur
DNA polymerase
182
order of central dogma of biology
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
183
The Central Dogma involves what two main process
Transcription ; Translation
184
Instructions in the gene are copied to messenger RNA = mRNA
Transcription
185
Instructions in mRNA are used by ribosomes to insert the correct amino acids in the correct sequence to form protein coded for by that gene
Translation
186
T/F: DNA does not have to be transcribed into mRNA script for ribosomes to read the gene instructions
false
187
Ribosomes read ______ not ______
RNA ; DNA
188
Gene promoters are a form of a gene _________
regulation
189
The code to translate between _____ and ____ require a 3-letter codon
RNA ; amino acids
190
____ essential amino acids
20
191
how many 3-letter codon possibilities are there
64
192
_____ is the compliment to the codon for that specific amino acid
anticodon
193
Genetic information copied from DNA is transferred to what 3 types of RNA
messenger (mRNA)
ribosomal (rRNA)
transfer (tRNA)
194
copy of information in DNA that is brought to the ribosome where the information is translated into a protein
messenger
195
the protein factories of the cells
ribosomal
196
brings the amino acid to the ribosome
transfer
197
mRNA binds to ribosome small subunit
initiation complex
198
large ribosome subunit joins translation complex
elongation
199
a stop codon tRNA kicks the polypeptide off the large ribosome subunit
termination
200
process by which gene expression is controlled
gene regulation
201
_____ gene regulation occurs at the transcriptional level
prokaryotic
202
_______ gene regulation can occur at any level
eukaryotic
203
DNA accessibility controlled by histones
Epigenetic level
204
transcriptional promoters and enhancers
transcriptional level
205
mRNA processing
post-transcriptional level
206
regulating translation
translational level
207
protein modifications
post-translational level
208
post transcriptional level gene regulation that can also increase diversity
alternative splicing
209
alternative splicing can create ______ with novel functions
novel proteins
210
What are the 2 classes of genetic mutation
Point mutation
Frameshift mutation
211
Modern Biotechnology focus on directly manipulating ______
DNA
212
recombinant DNA technology started modern biotech as an industry
biotechnology
213
4 examples of applications for biotechnology (DodrpFcpgyGrGeb)
1. development of disease resistant plants
2. food crops that produce greater yields
3. "golden rice"
4. genetically engineered bacteria that can degrade environmental pollutants
214
_______ enzymes from prokaryotes cut DNA in very specific locations
restriction
215
DNA fragments from restriction enzymes can further be amplified using a _______ chain reaction
polymerase
216
fragments of DNA or RNA can be separated based on size using gel electrophoresis harnessing the power of _____
diffusion
217
gel electrophoresis uses electricity to _____ the sample through the gel
drive
218
DNA is the molecular ________
fingerprint
219
T/F: Child can inherit a band from the Mother and Father
false
220
is the genetic code for all proteins an organism will express
Genomic DNA
221
Cloning has a long history in the study of ________
molecular biology
222
Molecular cloning is in reference to ___________, such as gene fragments
short sequences of DNA
223
Small fragment of foreign DNA can be inserted into bacterial _______
plasmid
224
Genetic _______ and gene ______ are 2 break-through areas in biotechnology
diagnosis ; therapy
225
is the creation of recombinant pieces of DNA
Genetic engineering
226
Biotechnology is also being used to solve ________ problems
industrial
bio
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