Lecture 14

Question 1

What is the purpose of the brain stem?

Answer 1

regulation and relay center

Question 2

What is the purpose of the spinal cord?

Answer 2

give neuronal output

Question 3

Define decussation:

Answer 3

junction where medulla and spinal cord (motor fibers from medullary pyramids) cross the midline, go into the spinal cord as the corticospinal tract.

Question 4

Three sections that make up the brain stem

Answer 4

midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 5

The left parts of the cerebellum coordinates movement on the ____ side of the body

Answer 5

left

Question 6

Five parts that make up the corticospinal tract.

Answer 6

internal capsule, medulla, lateral cortico, anterior cortico, lower motor

Question 7

Three cross-sections of the brain

Answer 7

Sagittal, Transverse, Horizontal

Question 8

describe the sagittal plane:

Answer 8

like a cross section ; can see L and R hemi facing you. But cerebellum and forebrain will never be in same section (lateral to medial)

Question 9

describe the horizontal plane:

Answer 9

brain cut L to R, from the sides (imagine border of a cowboy hat being put on the head)

Question 10

describe the transverse plane (aka coronal)

Answer 10

frontal section ; sliced down the middle (nose out)

Question 11

T/F:
The rostral part of the brain is symmetrical to the caudal part of the brain (as seen in sagittal plane).

Answer 11

FALSE

Question 12

Three types of sulci

Answer 12

central sulcus, lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure, parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 13

General definition of longitudinal

Answer 13

separates left to right hemispheres

Question 14

General definition of transverse?

Answer 14

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Question 15

Once dorsal and ventral roots enter the PNS, ______ cells myelinate and protect the brain

Answer 15

schwann cells

Question 16

Dorsal roots are (sensory/motor)

Answer 16

sensory

(touch sends process to skin, spinal cord for reaction)

Question 17

Ventral roots are (sensory/motor)

Answer 17

motor

(reaction to touch comes, spinal root sends to output at ventral ganglia, project to muscles)

Question 18

After exiting a certain point, an axon has ______ and ______ components.

Answer 18

peripheral and motor

Question 19

The somatic nervous system includes (in/volun)tary behavior

Answer 19

voluntary behavior

Question 20

The autonomic (visceral) NS includes (in/volun)tary behavior

Answer 20

involuntary behaviors

Question 21

Where do the motor neurons and axons reside in the somatic NS?

Answer 21

motor cell body in the CNS, axons in PNS

Question 22

Who discovered the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 22

Galen

Question 23

Four major stages of neuro development and their days of occurence.

Answer 23

Cleavage to blastocyst (days 2-10), Gastrulation to neural induction, forms three germ layers (11-15), Neurulation and formation of neural tube (16-25), Organogenesis and brain patterning (days 26+)

Question 24

First neuro development stage to begin in the brain.

Answer 24

neural induction because the mesoderm begins to form

Question 25

7 stages of neurodevelopment:

Answer 25

neural induction, neural tube formation, regionalization/patterning, neurogenesis, migration, forebrain continues forming

Question 26

General definition for neural induction:

Answer 26

cells of embryo move (gastrulation) and form three primary germ layers

Question 27

define the ectoderm:

Answer 27

gives rise to the NS and skin

Question 28

define noggin

Answer 28

A morphogen that is produced by the mesoderm

Question 29

define the endoderm

Answer 29

gives rise to internal organs

Question 30

Ectoderm and endoderm begin to form before ________

Answer 30

before gastrulation

Question 31

define the mesoderm

Answer 31

gives rise to the muscle and skeleton

Question 32

Mesoderm begins to form during _________

Answer 32

during gastrulation

Question 33

Name the three germ layers

Answer 33

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 34

The main neural inducers made by the mesoderm are called ____, ____, _____

Answer 34

noggin, chordin, follistatin

Question 35

Neural inducers are used for

Answer 35

converting ES or iPS stem cells into neurons in culture

Question 36

What is another name for morphogen?

Answer 36

neural inducers

Question 37

Mesoderm secretes the morphogen, _____

Answer 37

Noggin

Question 38

Name the three primary vesicles which appear by day 28

Answer 38

Prosencephalon, Mesencephalon, Rhombencephalon

Question 39

The three primary vesicles for the brain

Answer 39

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

Question 40

Formation of the three brain vesicles is directed by

Answer 40

Patterning genes

Question 41

4 factors in gene patterning process

Answer 41

transcription factors, morphogens, cell signaling genes, molecules

Question 42

Two axes in the brain

Answer 42

Anterior-Posterior, Dorsal-Ventral

Question 43

Anterior-Posterior axis patterning morphogen

Answer 43

retinoic acid (RA)

Question 44

A-P patterning retinoic acid acts as a

Answer 44

"posteriorizer"

Question 45

Dorsal-Ventral axis patterning morphogen

Answer 45

sonic hedgehog (SHH)

Question 46

Direction RA diffuses in the A/P axis

Answer 46

to the left, hindbrain to fore

Question 47

Direction SHH diffuses in the D/V axis

Answer 47

up, ventral to dorsal

Question 48

Notochord secretes the ______ morphogen

Answer 48

SHH

Question 49

SHH function

Answer 49

forms NS and part of spinal bone/muscle

Question 50

SHH acts as a ______ for D/V patterning

Answer 50

"ventralizer"

Question 51

Without RA, the posterior region would:

Answer 51

take on anterior fate, become skin

Question 52

Without SHH, the dorsal region would:

Answer 52

take on ventral fate

Question 53

SHH gradient helps to set up:

Answer 53

DV subregions

Question 54

The brain expands in two ways on day 36:

Answer 54

forebrain (prosence) adds telence vesicles, hindbrain (rhombence) develops into metence (pons, cerebellum) and myelence (medulla)

Question 55

Left and right cortical hemispheres control muscles on the contra-lateral side of the body via ______ ________

Answer 55

pyramidal decussation

Question 56

Anterior is also known as (rostral/caudal) meaning (front/back)

Answer 56

Anterior = Rostral ; Front

Question 57

Posterior is also known as (rostral/caudal) meaning (front/back)

Answer 57

Posterior = Caudal ; Back

Question 58

Lateral is also known as:

Answer 58

side

Question 59

Medial is also known as:

Answer 59

middle

Question 60

Dorsal is also known as (top/bottom) for humans, (back/belly) for rodents

Answer 60

Dorsal = top ; back

Question 61

Ventral is also known as (top/bottom) for humans, (back/belly) for rodents

Answer 61

Ventral = bottom ; belly

Question 62

Superior is located (above/below) another structure

Answer 62

above

Question 63

Inferior is located (above/below) another structure

Answer 63

below

Question 64

Superficial is (close/far) to the surface

Answer 64

close

Question 65

Deep is (close/far) to the surface

Answer 65

far from

Question 66

The Locus Coeruleus is (asymmetrical/symmetrical)

Answer 66

SYMMETRICAL

Question 67

The temporal lobe is ______ to the parietal lobe

Answer 67

inferior

Question 68

The frontal lobe is ______ to the parietal lobe

Answer 68

rostral / anterior

Question 69

Fissures are _____ than sulci.

Answer 69

deeper

Question 70

Fissures demarcates major ________.

Answer 70

divisions

Question 71

White matter are:

Answer 71

myelinated axons

Question 72

Grey matter is made up of:

Answer 72

cell bodies

Question 73

A nucleus is a _______ mass

Answer 73

neuronal mass

Question 74

The cerebral cortex is composed of (grey/white) matter

Answer 74

grey

Question 75

The corpus callosum is composed of (grey/white) matter

Answer 75

white

Question 76

Once in the CNS, dorsal and ventral roots, (oligodendrocytes/schwann cells) myelinate and protect the meninges

Answer 76

oligodendrocytes

Question 77

METABOTROPIC AcH (speeds up/slows down) the heart.

Answer 77

SLOWS DOWN (metabotropic M2 receptors inhibit)