Lecture 9 Flashcards by Anna Baldwin

With Lowei’s discovery, we discovered AcH is the main (para/sympathetic) NT in the (CNS/PNS)

parasympathetic ; PNS

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Most synapses in the brain are (chemical/electrical) synapses.

chemical

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Charles Scott Sherrington discovered the _____ and its connection between nerves. This launched the movement of critical ______.

synapse ; junction

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Fushpan and Potter discovered (chemical/electrical) properties using crayfish motor axons

electrical

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Fatt and Katz discovered the ______ neuron to (nerves/muscle) in frogs. This revealed that NT release through one (synapse/vesicle).

motor ; muscle ; vesicle

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Eccles discovered (EPSP/IPSP)/(EPSP/IPSP) summation with quadricep motor neurons. This revealed that most synapses are (chemical/electrical) based.

EPSP/IPSP ; chemical

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The protein which forms gap junctions are called _______.

connexin

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(Small/Large) molecules can move through gap junctions.

Small

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Gap junctions are (uni/bi)directional. This means they are electrically (singled/coupled).

bi ; coupled

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Compared to electrical synapses, chemical synapses are (smaller/numerous).

numerous

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The (pre/post)synaptic side has active zones with docked vesicles and secretory glands.

Pre-synaptic

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In chemical transmission, small ________ carry neurotransmitters as larger _______ are further, carrying neuropeptides.

vesicles ; granules

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Astrocytes often present at ______ and participate in (organization/regulation) of signaling.

synapses ; regulation

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Gray’s type (1/2) has asymmetrical synapses, with a thicker postsynaptic density. These tend to be EXCITATORY (group hive mind).

Gray’s type 1

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Gray’s type (1/2) has symmetrical synapses, with a thinner postsynaptic density. These tend to be INHIBITORY (takes more time to hype one another up).

Gray’s type 2

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NMJ are (fast/slow), (small/large), (reliable/shifty).

fast, large, reliable

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NMJ’s fast, large, and reliable synapses due to their ____ neurons and (small/large) number of active zones.

motor ; large

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On the presynaptic side for the NMJ, they are aligned with postsynaptic ________ folds.

junctional

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NMJ Junctional folds increase surface area for AcH, allowing what, exactly?

That every impulse results in decisive muscle contraction

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In the CNS, an inputs generate sub-threshold potential. However, in the NMJ, a stimulus generates ____-____ potential.

endplate potential (EEP)

Almost like excitatory postsynaptic potential in the nervous system

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Endplate Potential’s (EEP) (sometimes/always) result in contraction.

ALWAYS.

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Endplate Potential’s (EEPs) are different from CNS neurons due to their (large/small) effect.

Small

It’s a muscle and postsynaptic cell, not a neuron.

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Mitochondria existent in the (pre/post)synaptic side due to needing ____ release.

POST ; needing ATP release

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Name the six steps of Chemical Neurotransmission:
1. _______ NT on pre side (cell body/terminal)
2. ______ NT (and/or precursor) on pre side
3. _______ NT into cleft via exocytosis
4. _______ receptor to target cell
5. post side _________
6. ________ transmitter action

synthesize NT on pre side (cell body/terminal)
store NT (and/or precursor) on pre side
release NT into cleft via exocytosis
bind receptor to target cell
post side respone
inactivate transmitter action

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Describe the synthesis step in neuro transmission to the best of your ability

produce neurotransmitter in the soma/terminal Item requested, built by seller

Describe the loading step in neuro transmission to the best of your ability

packages loaded into vesicles or granule (seller boxes them up, sends them off to USPS)

Describe the release step in neuro transmission to the best of your ability

vesicles drop neurotransmitters off via exocytosis and an action potential (USPS gets notification on where to send it, puts it in mailbox)

Describe the binding step in neuro transmission to the best of your ability

transmitter binds to receptors on desired cell OR autoreceptors on presynaptic (adapting release). you come outside, take package from mailbox and put it in your hands! woohoo!

Describe the response step in neuro transmission to the best of your ability

Function of the cell is now changed. You take the package out, but RRRRIP it up. Now it's all deformed! It was to hold your package... now it's trash!

Describe the inactivation step in neuro transmission to the best of your ability:

Removal of NT but your package is all that matters! Forget the box. Both have a different purpose now.

Who discovered the "Quantum Release" of neutrotransmitters? (imagine the process being a cat condo for mushroom!) This then releases what?

Bernhard Katz! (cats :)) ; releases MEPP! (mushroom eats poopoo plastic (from the box)).

The core ideas around neurotransmitter release are as follows: 1. neurotransmitter ____/_____ 2. AP = ____ influx, membrane fuses at active zone 3. NT releases into synaptic cleft (exocytosis) 4. NT diffuses across cleft 5. signal ends via _____ (AcHe) or ____ (astrocytes) 6. receptors now ______ (prevents overstimulation)

1. neurotransmitter docks/primes 2. AP = Ca2+ influx, membrane fuses at active zone 3. NT releases into synaptic cleft (exocytosis) 4. NT diffuses across cleft 5. signal ends via degradation (AcHe) or reuptake (astrocytes) 6. receptors now desensitized (prevents overstimulation)

To ensure the neuron releases chemicals milliseconds after an action potential, vesicles rapidly fuse via the ______ complex?

Snare complex (v and tSnares on target membrane)

vSNARE stands for what?

Synaptobrevin

tSNARE stands for?

snap25, syntaxin, munc18-1

(Syntaxin/Synaptotagmin) is known as the Ca2+ sensor. Once Ca2+ enters the cell, (Syntaxin/Synaptotagmin) binds to the sensor for final fusion.

Synaptotagmin sensor ; Syntaxin binds

What is synaptic vesicle recycling?

the ability to constantly remake neuronal membranes and vesicles

The most acceptable synaptic vesicle recycling mechanism is (endo/exocytosis)

endocytosis

How are most NT removed from the synaptic cleft?

reuptake or astrocytic transporters

How are NT degraded as a method for deactivation? (two ways)

enzymes (AChe) or MAO (dopamine/serotonin)

What is a competitive inhibitor of ACh?

Curare ; ANTAGONIST (inactivates)

What is a nicotinic subtype of ACh? Is it an agonist or antagonist?

Nicotine ; AGONIST (activates)

Peptides are released in response to high ____ levels.

high Ca2+ levels

GAP Junctions are usually (axon;dendrite) to dendrite

dendrite

A gap junction uses two (connexin/connexon) to make one gap channel

connexon

If connexin is knocked out, you lose synced periodicity but keep _____ ______

Action Potentials

Electrical Synapses allow for the exchange of cellular __________.

metabolites

Electrical synapses existing in mammalian CNS neurons tell us this form of communication is ______.

primitive

Astrocyte gap junctions allow for cellular _____ via the exchange of metabolites.

cellular communication

Chemical synapses, while very slow, provide a great advantage in processing _____ ________.

complex information

The synaptic cleft uses two proteins, _____ and _____, to keep the synapse highly organized.

Neuroliglin ; Neurexin

Astrocytes function in (chemical/electrical) Synapses.

electrical

Electrical Synapses provide no synaptic _____.

delay

Chemical synapses require a chemical ________. However, this provides _______ required for the brain's necessary functions.

intermediary ; flexibility

Otto Lowei identified ____, aka "vagusstoff", which provides chemical _______.

AcH ; transmission

Synapses are built upon ____ junctions.

gap junctions.

6 (connexon/connexin) create 1 (connexon/connexin).

6 connexin create 1 connexon.

Name the four advances of electrical synapses:

1. speed 2. synchronicity 3. bidirectionality 4. metabolic exchange

Unlike chemical synapses, gap junctions allow for direct exchange of _______ and second _______.

metabolites ; second messengers Like Ca2+, IP3, and cAMP.

Electrical Synapses have an advantage in info processing like ________, __________ signaling, and _______ effects.

1. modulation 2. inhibitory 3. temporary

The structured organization of what three things leads to a targeted and regulated chemical release?

1. presynaptic terminal 2. narrow synaptic cleft 3. postsynaptic density (PSD)

Describe trans-synaptic bridging:

When the cleft is organized by matrix proteins, i.e. Neuroligins and Neurexins, a bridge is formed to organize and stabilize the synapse.

Describe what the "readily-releasable pool" is:

Inside of (presynaptic) active zones, vesicles and docked and primed (package is at the door), waiting to be released by a Ca2+ influx (i.e. Chris is Ca2+, sent notification to release mail from outside bubble).

Chemical synapses have many structural components such as: 1. ___-____ bridging 2. docked _____ _____ 3. diversity with _____ and ______ 4. ______ configurations 5. _______ involvement

1. trans-synaptic bridging 2. docked active zones 3. vesicle and granule diversity 4. synaptic configurations 5. astrocytic involvement

NMJ has key features such as a (smaller/larger) scale, quantitative_______ reliability, heavy _____ population. All of this leads to a high-fidelity connection.

larger ; potential ; receptor

What are the three "workhorse" amino acids?

1. Glutamate 2. Glycine 3. GABA

What are the four main amines?

DA, NEpi, Epi, 5HT

Synthesized in the soma and moved via fast transport, name the four main peptides in neuronal communication:

Substance P, Enkephalins, Endorphins, Neuropeptide Y

Nitric Oxide and Carbon Dioxide influence _____ and synaptic ____

vasodilation ; plasticity

Endocannabinoids use (retro/antero)grade signaling.

RETROGRADE. they travel "back in time" from post to presynapse in order to release other neurotransmitters

Unlike classic neurotransmitters, neuropeptides require more ______ and _____ action potentials for release. In addition, vesicles are not _____ afterwards.

Ca2+ ; repeated action potentials ; vesicles not recycled

Botox causes cleavage of ______, allowing for the chemical to "denerve". This proves beneficial in treating hyperhydrosis and migraine pain.

snap25

Black Widow Latrotoxin causes uncontrolled ____ release, intensifying and allowing for fatal spasms.

Ca2+

Lecture 9 Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission (73 cards)