Lecture One

Question 1

Egyptians believed the (heart/brain) was the seat of consciousness

Answer 1

heart

Question 2

What were ancient Egyptians aware of in regard to brain damage?

Answer 2

injuries on one side meant convulsions on the other

Question 3

Greeks believed the (heart/brain) was the seat of consciousness

Answer 3

brain

Question 4

What did Hippocrates (Greek) discover in neuroscience?

Answer 4

four aspects of nature correlate with four brain humors (imbalance = sick)

Question 5

What was Hippocrates commonly called?

Answer 5

“Father of Medicine”

Question 6

What did Corpus Hippocratus define?

Answer 6

Injuries on one side of the head led to convulsions on the opposite body

Question 7

Galen discovered the cerebrum was for (memories/movement) and the cerebellum for (memories/movement)

Answer 7

memories (soft) / movement (hard)

Question 8

(Descartes/Galen) proposed the body is controlled by ventricular ANIMAL SPIRITS

Answer 8

Galen

Question 9

Galen discovered ____ of 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 9

7

Question 10

What did Descartes propose regarding the brain?

Answer 10

animal spirits run via hydraulics

Question 11

While Descartes’ findings of the brain being driven by HYDRAULICS are incorrect, it is founded upon the _____ _____ (two words)

Answer 11

scientific method

Question 12

Galvani used electricity to stimulate ______

Answer 12

muscles

“GALVANI makes muscles GALVANIZE.”

Question 13

du Bois Reymond and Bernstein discovered ______ _____ (2 words)

Answer 13

Action Potential

“BERN + DU fire YOU.”

Question 14

Helmholtz measured the ______ of action potentials

Answer 14

Speed (slower than electricity)

“Helmholtz showed neural signals are slow.”

Question 15

In the beginning of the 19th century, we found that nerves operate through ______

Answer 15

Electricity

“NERVES are ELECTRIC.”

Question 16

Bell and Magendie discovered spinal cord nerves go along (similar/separate) tract(s), going down the _______ root(s).

Answer 16

separate

Ventral and Dorsal.

“Ventral = Ventriloquist. Dorsal = Dazed.”

Question 17

Information flow is (bi/uni)directional

Answer 17

Unidirectional.

(In parallel with nerves as dif. func. in the two tracts)

Question 18

Localization was studied by _____ ______

Answer 18

Pierre Flourens

Question 19

Pierre Flourens used ______ to represent lesions in the brain

Answer 19

ablation

Question 20

Lesions in the cerebellum cause loss in (sensation and perception/coordination) while they cause loss of (sensation and perception/coordination) in the cerebrum.

Answer 20

coordination ; sensation and perception.

Question 21

Augmentation (excites/silences) neurons

Answer 21

excites

Question 22

Who SUPPORTED, not discovered, the use of localization?

Answer 22

Paul Broca

Question 23

Broca found _____ aspects of language caused in patient Tan.

Answer 23

motor

Question 24

Fritsch and Hitzig found the _______ ______ by stimulating dog limbs

Answer 24

motor cortex

Question 25

Penfield and Rasmussen stimulated the ______ _______ in humans, creating a _________

Answer 25

motor cortex ; homunculus

Question 26

Hodgkin and Huxley found the ________ of action potentials with squid brains

Answer 26

mechanism

Question 27

During an Action Potential, Sodium flows (in/out) while Potassium goes (in/out)

Answer 27

Na+ in, K+ out

Question 28

Eric Kandel experimented with ________ for its ______ ______

Answer 28

Aplysia ; behavioral circuit

Question 29

Aplysia use _____ in simple circuit signal transduction

Answer 29

cAMP

Question 30

cAMP controls ____ _____ in signal transduction

Answer 30

muscle reflex

Question 31

Eccles used muscles from mammals to investigate the _____ ______

Answer 31

stretch reflex

Question 32

The muscle stretch reflex revealed action potentials are (chemical/electrical)

Answer 32

Chemical

Question 33

Squids are good for invertebrate experiments because you can see _____ with a _____ _____

Answer 33

axons ; naked eye

Question 34

Aplysias are good for invertebrate experiments because of their _____ and ______ mechanisms

Answer 34

learning and memory

Question 35

Sydney Brenner observed:

Answer 35

C. Elegans

Question 36

C. Elegans are good for invertebrate experiments due to (4 things):

Answer 36

1. great genetic analysis 2. simple systems 3. transparent 4. easy to ablate

Question 37

Mice are good for invertebrate experiments due to (2 things):

Answer 37

1. great olfactory senses 2. classical genetics

Question 38

The 3 R's of research are:

Answer 38

1. Replacement 2. Reduction 3. Refinement

Question 39

Replacement from the 3 R's means to:

Answer 39

omit animals (ie technology)

Question 40

Reduction from the 3 R's means to:

Answer 40

seek ways in minimizing animal use (refer to previous studies or conduct further experiments)

Question 41

Refinement from the 3 R's means to:

Answer 41

improve the animal's quality of life

Question 42

Ablation (excites/silences) neurons

Answer 42

silences

Question 43

In the 19th century, the idea that nerves are wires led to the concept of _____________

Answer 43

localization

Question 44

The two concepts that are core ideas to this day are:

Answer 44

1. Nerves as wires 2. Localization

Question 45

the fluid-ventricular model held on for nearly _____ years

Answer 45

1300

Question 46

Monkeys are good for invertebrate experiments due to their:

Answer 46

great vision, similar brain structure

Question 47

Aplysia are good for invertebrate experiments due to (3 things):

Answer 47

1. simple systems 2. simple circuits (memory) 3. big neurons