Lecture 3:

Question 1

The axon hillock is adjacent to the ____, generating the action potential to move across

Answer 1

soma

Question 2

The axon hillock selects products that are trafficked via the cytoskeleton to the axon, acting as a ______

Answer 2

filter

Question 3

Neurons have (one/many) dendrite(s) and (one/many) axon(s)

Answer 3

many ; one

Question 4

Axon Collaterals are the _____ which ____ from the axon

Answer 4

branches ; split

Question 5

Name the two types of presynaptic terminals

Answer 5

1. en passant boutons
2. terminal button

Question 6

En passant boutons are the _____ which release (NT/NC) down the axon

Answer 6

swellings ; neurotransmitters

Question 7

Terminal buttons release (NT/NC) at the end of an axon

Answer 7

neurochemicals

Question 8

A parallel axon fiber is a single axon from ______ cells. It splits into (two/multiple) branches which adhere to ______ cell dendrites. This makes (little/much) contact

Answer 8

Granule ; two ; Purkinje ; little

Question 9

A climbing axon fiber comes from _____ _____ neurons which contact (two/many) sites of the ______, aka _______ cells. This makes (little/much) contact.

Answer 9

inferior olive; two ; cerebellum ; Purkinje ; much

Question 10

Parallel and climbing axon functions differ with the amount of _____

Answer 10

impact

Question 11

True/False: In the mature axon, there are numerous ribosome sites.

Answer 11

FALSE. While the axon does contain SOME RNA’s, there is no rough ER or Golgi Apparatus in the axon.

Question 12

Since there are no rough ER’s or GA’s in an axon, molecules are trafficked via _________

Answer 12

cytoskeletons

Question 13

Between the two, the (dendrite / axon) receives information:

Answer 13

DENDRITE RECEIVES. AXON AWAY.

Question 14

T/F: Once a dendritic spine forms, it stays until degradation occurs.

Answer 14

FALSE. They change based on activity of their input due to synaptic plasticity in learning and memory

Question 15

There are (many / few) ribosomes in dendrites. Especially beneath ____ and at ____ ____ _____.

Answer 15

MANY ; spines ; mRNA trafficking centers

Question 16

T/F:
the Rough ER and Golgi Apparatus extend into dendrites:

Answer 16

True

Question 17

T/F:
Proteins are required for dendrites and spines be produced in the soma.

Answer 17

TRUE, and is trafficked to dendrites.

Question 18

Distinct dendritic domains can be distinguished based on _____ ________ patterns

Answer 18

mRNA localization

Question 19

Distal means (close by/far away)

Answer 19

far AWAY

Question 19

Proximal means (close by/far away)

Answer 19

close BY

Question 20

Wallerian degeneration is an active process which results from the ______ of a _____ ____, causing death to the ______ _____

Answer 20

cut of a nerve fiber ; distal axon

Question 21

Anterograde means (to/lose) the axon

Answer 21

TO (active)

Question 22

Retrograde means (to/lose) the axon

Answer 22

LOSS of the axon

Question 23

The cytoskeleteon controls the shape of _______ and the trafficking/movement of _____ and _____ into dendrites and axons

Answer 23

neurons ; organelles ; molecules

Question 24

Name the three major components of the cytoskeleton:

Answer 24

1. Microtubules 2. Actin microfilaments 3. Neurofilaments

Question 25

Microtubules (aka ______) are ____ for (short/long) distance trafficking in ____ and _______, meaning it's bidirectional

Answer 25

"tubulin" ; tracks ; long ; axons and dendrites

Question 26

Microfilaments are mainly close to the _____ of the neuron, dendrites, soma, axon like ______ for (short/long) range distance (close/far) of the surface

Answer 26

surface ; short ; close

Question 27

Neurofilaments are _______ with (slow/long) transport, (uni/bi)-directionally on the axon. They oversee axonal _______ which affects _____ of a signal

Answer 27

trafficked ; bi ; diameter ; speed

Question 28

Tubulin, actin and neurofilaments are composed of _______ proteins

Answer 28

monomer

Question 29

Name three examples of a polymer

Answer 29

1. amino acids (proteins) 2. nucleotides (DNA) 3. tubulins (microtubules)

Question 30

Microtubules are two polymerized proteins, _____ and _____

Answer 30

alpha and beta

Question 31

An example of a MAP is the _____ protein

Answer 31

TAU

Question 32

Neurofilaments are polymers composed of three different monomers: ____, _____, _____

Answer 32

NFL, NFM, NFH

Question 33

Neurofilaments benefit the neuron by maintaining _______ with FM and L _____ _____

Answer 33

shape ; side arms

Question 34

Microfilaments are distributed in the neuron by becoming _____ ____ for (short/long) distance in spines and axons to deliver cargo (near/far) from the cell

Answer 34

local tracks ; short close

Question 35

Microfilaments can go through long distance with ______

Answer 35

motors

Question 36

Axoplasmic transport moves ____ (short/long) distance to axon or dendrites

Answer 36

proteins/organelles ; long

Question 37

Transport is (bi/uni)-directional

Answer 37

BIDIRECTIONAL

Question 38

Anterograde is packaged in the soma and taken (to/from) the terminal using (kinesin/dynein) motors

Answer 38

to ; kinesin

Question 39

Reterogrades are waste material that signals molecules from the ______ ______ to the _____ _____ using (dynein/myosin)

Answer 39

axon terminal TO the cell body ; dynein

Question 40

Name the five cargo considered in axonal transport:

Answer 40

1. mitochondria 2. vesicles with RNA and proteins 3. autophagosomes 4. endosomes 5. neurofilaments

Question 41

Kinesin and Dynein use micro(tubules/filaments) for motor tracks

Answer 41

MTubules

Question 42

Slow axonal transport is mainly used for _____ proteins like _________, and protein complexes meant for ____ and ____ function

Answer 42

cytosolic ; neurofilaments ; synapse ; axon

Question 43

Fast axonal transport is mainly used for _____ and ______ such as _______ and ________

Answer 43

organelles ; vesicles ; mitochondria and lysosomes

Question 44

When dendritic spines and axon terminal cargoes need to be SWITCHED between motors form long to short distances in axons and dendrites, they use a (Dynein/Myosin/Kinesin) motor.

Answer 44

Myosin

Question 45

When the Myosin SHORT TERM switch occurs, the track switches from micro(tubules/filaments) to micro(tubules/filaments)

Answer 45

microtubules to microfilaments

Question 46

Actin tracks (microfilaments) are used for ______ trafficking ____ to the cell membrane

Answer 46

local ; close

Question 47

The actin cytoskeleton is a key component for _______ and _______ _____

Answer 47

structure ; synaptic plasticity

Question 48

Microtubules use _____ and _______ as long distance motors

Answer 48

kinesin and dynein

Question 49

Microfilaments use a ______ motor for local trafficking

Answer 49

Myosin

Question 50

Name the three things that compose the Tri Partite synapse:

Answer 50

the pre synatpic element (neuron), post (neuron) and astrocyte

Question 51

Proteins that make up the "glue" of the synapse contribute to what neurological disorder?

Answer 51

Autism

Question 52

Neuroliglins are a (pre/post)synaptic cell adhesion protein which interacts between _____ and ______ ; aka, the glue of the ______

Answer 52

post ; synapses and neurexins ; synapse

Question 53

____ and _____ contribute to the glue and scaffolding of a synapse, giving it the ability to perform well

Answer 53

Shank ; PSD-95

Question 54

Name the four genes which heavily indicate susceptibility with Autism

Answer 54

1. Neuroligins 2. Neurexins 3. Shank 4. PSD-95

Question 55

A ______ neuron has one nerve PROCESS which extends from the soma and is found in invertebraes

Answer 55

unipolar

Question 56

A ________ neuron has one BRANCH, like a dendrite, and the other, like an axon. It's soma lies in spinal, cranial and sensory ganglia.

Answer 56

pseudo-unipolar

Question 57

A _______ neuro has two nerve PROCESSESS which extend from the soma and are found in the retina/olfactory bulb

Answer 57

Bipolar

Question 58

A _______ neuron contains many dendrites with one axon

Answer 58

Multipolar

Question 59

Name two functions of an Astrocyte:

Answer 59

1. recycles GABA/glutamate/NT 2. modulates neurons and synapses

Question 60

Name the three main functions of Microglia:

Answer 60

1. resident immune cells (self renews, scans surroundings) 2. phagocytize (ingests debris of dead and dying cells) (activated by environment) 3. synaptic pruning during development (Alzheimers)

Question 61

Dendritic spines can be visualized by _____ ______

Answer 61

actin motility

Question 62

Wallerian degeneration revealed that of a cut of a _______ axon and entire neuron led to damage, meaning important factors are ______ from the soma. in (one/two) directions

Answer 62

proximal ; trafficked ; both

Question 63

Motors rely on _____ and use micro(tubules/filaments) as tracks

Answer 63

ATP ; MTubules

Question 64

(Kinesin/Dynein) motor is used for anterograde

Answer 64

kinesin

Question 65

(Kinesin/Dynein) motor is used for retrograde

Answer 65

dynein

Question 66

T/F: the Kinesin and Dynein motors are used for short trafficking

Answer 66

FALSE. It's long-term

Question 67

(Myosin/Dynein) motor is used for short-range trafficking

Answer 67

Myosin

Question 68

Myosin motors use micro(tubules/filaments) as tracks

Answer 68

MFilaments

Question 69

Name the three functions of an Oligodendrocyte cell:

Answer 69

1. Myelinate CNS axons (adds nodes Ranvier) 2. Replicate damage of precursor cells 3. Regenerate when injured

Question 70

Name the two functions of an Schwann cells:

Answer 70

1. Myelinates one PNS axon 2. Regenerates Peripheral Axons

Question 71

For every internode region, there is/are _____ Schwann cells

Answer 71

one (1:1)

Question 72

Which of the following is the best example of the pseudo-unipolar class of neuron? a. Granule Cell b. Purkinje Cell c. Sensory neuron d. Motor neuron

Answer 72

Sensory Cell

Question 73

What are the four classifications of Neurons?

Answer 73

1. Soma extensions 2. Dendritic shape 3. Connectivity 4. Chemistry

Question 74

What are the four groups of soma extensions in neuronal classification?

Answer 74

1. unipolar 2. pseudo-unipolar 3. Bipolar 4. Multipolar

Question 75

What are the two types of cells from dendritic shapes in neuronal classification?

Answer 75

1. pyramidal cells (spiny) 2. stellate cells (some spiny, aspinous)

Question 76

What are the four groups of connectivity in neuronal classification?

Answer 76

1. Sensory Neurons 2. Interneurons 3. Motor Neurons 4. Projection Neurons

Question 77

What are the two types of chemistry in neuronal classification?

Answer 77

1. NT and enzymes which make them 2. gene expression

Question 78

What are the four functions of Astrocytes?

Answer 78

1. Recycle GABA/GLU 2. Modify neurons and synapses 3. Store extra K+ 4. Use end-feet to control blow flow

Question 79

What are the three Microglia functions?

Answer 79

1. Remain native immune cells 2. Ingest debris/dead cells 3. Prune synapses

Question 80

Describe the difference between nodes vs. internodes:

Answer 80

Node: rapid signal regeneration Internode: insulation, faster conduction

Question 81

Describe the difference between oligodendrocytes vs. schwann cells:

Answer 81

Oligo: myelinates several axons in CNS Schwann: myelinates one axon in PNS

Question 82

Describe why sensory cells are great pseudo-unipolar neurons:

Answer 82

one process goes down the soma, splits in two to peripheral structures (skin, muscle) and spinal area