Neuro 3000 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

Structure and Development of the Nervous System (94 cards)

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1
Q

The two structures of the forebrain

A
  1. Telencephalon
  2. Diencephalon
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2
Q

Structure for the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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3
Q

Structure for the hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

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4
Q

Telencephalon becomes differentiated in development with (2)

A
  1. cerebral hemisphere swells
  2. envelops the diencephalon
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5
Q

Neocortex is also known as

A

Dorsal Telencephalon

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6
Q

Two structures of the basal (ventral) forebrain

A
  1. basal ganglia (striatum)
  2. amygdala
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7
Q

Two structures of the diencephalon

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
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8
Q

Courpus callosum function

A

white matter tract, connects cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

Internal capsule function

A

white matter tract, connects thalamus and cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Dorsal part of rostral hindbrain becomes

A

cerebellum

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11
Q

Describe how we receive motor coordination

A

descending axons pass through the midbrain, synapse onto pons neurons, connects connects cerebral cortex with cerebellum on opposite sides of axons

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12
Q

Medullary pyramid function

A

carry corticospinal projections going to the spinal cord

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13
Q

Caudal hindbrain lies on _____ ventricle

A

Fourth

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14
Q

Rostral hindbrain lies on _____ ventricle

A

Fourth

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex axons project from ____ to _____ ______

A

thalamus to internal capsule

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16
Q

If a thumbtack sticks you in the RIGHT foot, it’s relayed to the (left/right) cortex by the (left/right) thalamus via the (left/right) internap capsule

A

Left ; left ; left

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17
Q

Corticospinal tract purpose

A

directs movement with cortical neurons

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18
Q

Cortical neurons not only project to the spinal cord but the

A

basal ganglia

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19
Q

Three structures of basal ganglia

A
  1. striatum
  2. basal telence
  3. substantia nigra
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20
Q

Three sequence of events for Neurogenesis

A
  1. Proliferation
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
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21
Q

describe Proliferation

A

Precursors (radial glia) generate two radial daughters to become glia, then migrate to soma and divide SYMMETRICALLY

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22
Q

describe Neuronal Migration

A

Cells divide ASYMMETRICALLY, generates ONE postmitotic cell (furthest daughter from ventricle) and ONE precursor which divides, migrates along radial guide to cortex, destined as neuron or glia

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23
Q

describe Neuronal differentiation

A

Neocortical neurons destined/born in final division (5th week to 5th month genesis)

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24
Q

Asymmetric cell division generates one _____ and one ______

A

One postmiotic and one precursor

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25
After asymmetric cells generates their cells, they continue to _____, _____, then become _______.
Continue to divide, migrate, and then become neurons or glia
26
Symmetric cell division generates _______ cells
more precursors
27
Postmitotic means
finish dividing
28
After symmetric cells generate, they cause daughter cells to
divide
29
being born as a neuron or glia means (further/final) cell division
final stage in cell division
30
In cell fate, each daughter cells has the same
set of genes
31
T/F In cell fate, some genes are "flipped on" in one daughter but not the others.
TRUE
32
describe Vertical cleavage
the daughter cell has symmetric cell expression
33
describe Horizontal cleavage
Daughter cells have differential protein expression
34
Cortical cells are not separate precursor cell types without being dedicated to do what?
become specific cell types
35
the origin of certain cells depends on where they
proliferated
36
Ventricular zone of dorsal telencephalon is a source of _____ neurons and ______
1. pyramidal neurons 2. astrocytes
37
Ventricular zone of ventral telencephalon is a source of _____ interneurons and ______
1. inhibitory interneurons 2. oligodendrocytes
38
The migration of neural precursor cells go to the ______ plate and develop the _______
cortical plate ; cortex
39
describe Inside out cell development
cells form layers past the preceding ones
40
The intermediate zone becomes
White matter
41
Pyramidal neurons are
large excitatory projection neurons
42
Dendrites attracted to pia are guided by
Semaphorin 3A
43
The more a dendrite is differentiated, this implies a (low/high) semphorin 3A concentration
high
44
Deepest cells in layers are the (youngest /oldest)
oldest
45
When a postmitotic precursor gets to its destination, it:
differentiates into a neuron
46
Axon growth and guidance are assisted by (2 steps)
1. chemoattraction 2. chemorepulsion
47
describe target-dependent cell death
more neurons were generated than needed so factors are used to degrade
48
Factor which a target provides to input neuron during final development
trophic
49
What are the two trophic factors?
1. nerve growth factors (NGF) 2. brain derived neuro factors (BDNF)
50
Leading case of cell death
mutation
51
Synaptic pruning is a (astrocyte/microglia) role
microglial
52
Three Frontal Lobe cortices:
1. Prefrontal 2. Primary motor 3. Prim. Motor and Somatosensory
53
The Pre-Frontal Cortex controls (5 functions)
1. Plan 2. Organize 3. Control impulse 4. Learn 5. Decide
54
The Primary Motor Cortex controls (1 function)
Voluntary movement
55
PMC location in frontal lobe
Caudal part
56
Can both the PMC and SSC have a map??
Yes (somatotopic)
57
Two areas of language in frontal/temporal lobe:
1. Broca's 2. Wernicke's
58
Function of Broca's area:
motor movement of mouth and tongue needed for speech
59
Location of Broca's Area:
Frontal lobe
60
Function Wernicke's Area:
controls language comprehension
61
Location Wernicke's Area:
Superior Temporal
62
Function of Temporal Lobe (name 3)
1. Language 2. Hear 3. Memory
63
Cortex within Temporal:
Auditory
64
Temporal lobe function
comprehension
65
Within temporal, stream in visual area
Ventral
66
Visual stream pathway
"What"
67
Main parietal function:
sensation and motion
68
Parietal Lobe cortex:
primary somatosensory (PSSC)
69
Primary somatosensory cortex functions (name two):
1. sense (touch, warm, cold, pain) 2. Inform body position/movement
70
Within parietal, stream in visual area
dorsal
71
Dorsal pathway:
"Where"
72
Pathway in the temporal lobe
What
73
Pathway in the parietal lobe
Where
74
Stream in Where pathway
Dorsal
75
Stream in What pathway
Ventral
76
Corpus Callosum
white matter between hemispheres
77
damage to Corpus Callosum impairs
cognition and fine motor skills
78
Left Hemisphere function
Verbal/Analytic
79
Right Hemisphere function
Spatial/Intuitive
80
Forebrain is the seat of
perception, conscious awareness, cognition, voluntary movement
81
The thalamus is the gateway to
the cerebral cortex
82
The two hemispheres communicate with each other via
white matter tract, aka corpus callosum
83
Thalamic axonal projection occurs via the
internal capsule
84
Cortical neurons send axons back to the brainstem via the
internal capsule
85
Axons not sent back to the brain stem are then sent down the
spinal cord (for corticospinal tract)
86
Where can cortical neurons project to coordinate movement?
basal ganglia
87
Three structures corticospinal tract uses to control movement
1. striatum 2. basal telencephalon 3. substantia nigra
88
Amygdala resides in the
basal telencephalon
89
Two structures the dorsal part of the tectum uses for visual and auditory processing
inferior colliculus superior colliculus
90
Ventral part of midbrain becomes the
tegmentum
91
Cerebral aqueduct connects the ____ventricle of the diencephalon and the _____ ventricle of the hindbrain
3rd ; 4th
92
Ventral part of rostral hindbrain becomes
pons
93
Cell fate is driven by
differential gene expression
94
Frontal lobe function
complex behaviors
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