Neuro 3000 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System 1 (100 cards)

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1
Q

Name the four types of Glia:

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
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2
Q

An Astrocyte controls the neuron’s _______ ______

A

chemical content

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3
Q

An Oligodendrocyte constructs ____ ____ which wraps around axons, making their speed more effective

A

myelin sheath

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4
Q

Microglia activates during stress, ______ the brain of inflammation

A

pruning

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5
Q

An Ependymal cell lines the _____, controlling cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis

A

ventricles

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6
Q

An Endothelial cell composes the walls of _____, _____ and _______ by forming tight junctions in the BBB

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

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7
Q

A Pericyte interacts with (Ependymal/Endothelial) cells to encourage tight junction and regulate capillary function

A

Endothelial

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8
Q

T/F:
All neurons have a cell body soma, dendrite and axon

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Name the two types of neuroglia which are part of the PNS:

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
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10
Q

How do astrocytes contribute to the BBB?

A

their feet wrap around the basal lamina on blood vessels, aimming to control blood flow

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11
Q

Define pericyte:

A

cell which encourages strong BBB behavior by tightening around the endothelial cells

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12
Q

There are roughly ____ billion neurons AND glia in the brain:

A

85

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13
Q

____ _____ cells are the most numerous in the brain

A

Cerebellar Granule

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14
Q

The Nissl stain outlines (some of/the whole) neuron

A

some of

SOMA of

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15
Q

The Golgi stain outlines (some of/the whole) neuron

A

the whole neuron (inc. neurons and glia)

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16
Q

Golgi believed the nervous system was (continuous/separate)

A

continuous

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17
Q

Cajal believed the nervous system was (continuous/separate)

A

separate

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18
Q

The Neuron Doctrine says the nervous system is made up of (tubes/individual cells)

A

Individual cells

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19
Q

The Soma is ~___micrometers in diameter, with variety in sizes

A

20

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20
Q

The mitochondria generates ____ for cells, found in (some/all) places of the neuron

A

energy ; all

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21
Q

Name the six functions of the Mitochondria:

A
  1. produces ATP
  2. traffics GLU recep. / synap. plastic.
  3. releases NT
  4. manages overgrowth
  5. oversees apoptosis
  6. maintains Ca+
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22
Q

The Nucleus ____ information in the brain since all cells have (different/similar) DNA

A

encodes ; similar

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23
Q

Chromatin is (spaced/packed) in a dividing cell:

A

Packed

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24
Q

Transcription allows (DNA/RNA) to make (DNA/RNA) in the _____

A

DNA ; RNA ; nucleus

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25
mRNA is the intermediate between ____ and _____
DNA and protein
26
Translation allows _____ to produce in the cytoplasm
proteins
27
To translate mRNA to proteins, you need:
Ribosomes
28
From gene to proteins, (Translation / Transcription) carries out first
Transcription
29
the RNA polymerase forms complexes that bind to gene sequences, splitting (RNA/DNA) to make (RNA/DNA)
DNA ; RNA
30
for RNA polymerase to split DNA, you need:
Transcription factors
31
In gene expression, a promoter examines specific ____ in (DNA/RNA)
genes ; DNA
32
After RNA polymerase comes in gene expression, the split DNA is now RNA, acting as a ______ ______
template strand
33
When RNA polymerase passes through the gene, it synthesizes _____
mRNA
34
when RNA reaches the end of the gene, it _______
terminates
35
When the enzyme detaches from the gene, causing DNA to return to its original state, the mRNA leaves the _____ and goes to the _____ to be free
nucleus ; cytoplasm
36
Since the initial transcript in the nucleus is so large, the gene regions are created to handle business, called _____ and _____
Introns and exons
37
Large pre-mRNA binds to encoded ____ parts after being spliced
RNA
38
After mature mRNA binds to RNA, it exits the _______ through pores
nucleus
39
DNA makes ____, then ____
RNA ; proteins
40
Genes which code for proteins are interrupted by (introns/exons)
introns they INTERrupt
41
Introns interrupt the parts of a gene which code for:
proteins
42
The primary transcript in DNA sequencing is called
pre-mRNA
43
PRE-mRNA is (smaller/larger) than mature mRNA
LARGER
44
Pre and mature mRNA's are (single/double) stranded
Single
45
Introns are the spaces between (DNA/exons)
Exons
46
T/F: Introns have protein coding sequences
FALSE
47
Protein coding occurs within (introns/exons)
Exons
48
Pre-mRNA becomes mature mRNA through _____
Splicing
49
Name the four transcription components:
1. Promotor 2. Exon 3. Intron 4. Terminator
50
Place these three in correct order for DNA sequencing: Splicing, Transcription, Translation
1. Transcription 2. Splicing 3. Translation
51
Inactive chromatin is called:
heterochromatin
52
Histones (in/act)-ivate (un/want)-ed gene sequences:
Inactivate unwanted
53
Active chromatins are called ________
euchromatin
54
(Heterchromatin/Euchromatin) inactivates DNA
heterochromatin (INACTIVE)
55
(Heterchromatin/Euchromatin) reveals chromatin hotspots:
euchromatin (ACTIVE)
56
Epigenetic marks are DNA areas which reveal _____ performed by ______
modifications ; chromatin
57
T/F: Epigenetic marks change DNA sequences
FALSE. Just squeeze or un-squeeze the body
58
"Writers" and "erasers" are ____ in proteins which _____ epigenetic marks
mutations ; modify
59
Readers (recognize/delete) epigenetic marks
RECOGNIZE R = R
60
after translation, histones are modified through ______ and _______
Acetylation ; Methylation
61
Acetylation of histones (in/activates) genes
ALWAYS activate
62
DNA wrapped tightly around histones cannot be accessed by __________ ___________
transcriptional factors
63
In translation, the ribosome attaches to the _____ to produce proteins
mRNA
64
A protein is translated by _____ _____ ; each codon's amino acid is read by the ribosome and paired with a ______ _______
genetic code ; tRNA anticodon
65
The tRNA anticodon determines what ______ _____ is added to a protein
amino acid
66
The sequence of codons on the mRNA determines the _____ ____ in the ______
amino acids ; protein
67
the Rough ER mainly produces the _____ and synthesizes ______
membrane ; proteins
68
the Smooth ER synthesizes ______ and stores _____ for energy
membranes ; Ca2+
69
the Rough ER attaches multiple _____ to mRNA's to exit the nucleus and then produce ________
ribosomes ; proteins
70
the Rough ER is the substance revealed by the ______ _____
Nissl stain
71
Name the three things which the Golgi Apparatus does for the nucleus:
1. modifies proteins 2. adds sugar 3. converts lipids to proteins
72
T/F: The RER and Golgi extend to the soma, dendrite, and axon
FALSE. they are somadendritic only
73
A micron is the unit meant to describe a neuron under ______
light
74
A nanometer is the unit to describe a neuron under an _____ _____
electron microscope
75
DNA methylation turns genes (ON/OFF) using ____ ____ DNA
OFF ; tightly wound
76
DNA acetylation turns genes (ON/OFF) using _______ DNA
ON ; unwound
77
(Un/methyl)-ated DNA with acetylated histones has the most (un/w)-ound DNA, turning genes (ON/OFF)
Un ; unwound ; ON
78
Free ribosomes secrete _____ _____ needed for the cytoplasm
soluble proteins
79
Neuronal dimensions are typically measured in ______
microns (um)
80
The soma ranges in _____.
diameter (0.005-0.05 mm)
81
Name the four methods neuroscientists used to study the neuron:
1. "fix" (formaldehyde) 2. scope 3. section 4. stain
82
The Nissl Stain (does/does not) reveal processes.
DOES NOT
83
The Golgi Stain reveals entire ______ and ______
shape ; processes
84
Oligodendrocytes myelinate in the (CNS/PNS)
CNS
85
Schwann Cells myelinate in the (CNS/PNS)
PNS
86
Name the two things which the Soma contains:
1. Nucleus 2. Special structures
87
The cell membrane ______ the cell
protects
88
Cytoplasm is a ____-like material, creating a _____ for changes in the pH
gel ; buffer
89
The Nucleus contains ____ material of the cell
genetic
90
Chromatin is (spaced/packed) in a non-dividing cell:
TRICK QUESTION. NON SO BOTH.
91
The Nucleus contains genetic components called _____
chromatin
92
Chromatin consists of ____ and ____ like histones which "pack" DNA in a small space
DNA ; proteins
93
Chromatin is (wound/unwound) during cell division
TIGHTLY CONDENSED (so it cannot be expressed)
94
All cells have the same ____ but each cell uses different _____
DNA ; portions
95
The nucleus is incredibly important due to it's ability to ______ information
encode
96
Genes which encode for proteins that write, erase, and read Epigenetic marks are important in _____ development and function
brain
97
What two ions are high outside the cell, low inside?
Na+ and Ca+
98
What ion is high inside the cell, low outside?
K+
99
T/F: The SER extends to the soma, dendrite, and axon.
TRUE.
100
The GA is for post-translational processing of ____, adds ______, and converts lipids to _______
proteins ; sugars ; proteins
Neuro 3000
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