1
Q
What is a zygote
A
A fertilized egg
2
Q
What is implantation
A
When the zygote attaches to the uterus
2
Q
What is prenatal development
A
How a baby grows before birth
2
Q
What are the three stages of prenatal development
A
- Germinal
- Embryonic
- Fetal
2
Q
What is the fetal stage ?
A
Week 9 until birth, when growth and finishing happen
3
Q
Name 3 factors that influence prenatal development
A
- Mother’s health
- nutrition
- environment
3
Q
What is the germinal stage ?
A
The first 2 weeks after conception (fertilization to implantation)
3
Q
What is the embryonic stage ?
A
Weeks 3–8, when major organs and body systems begin to form
4
Q
What role does the mother’s health play in prenatal development ?
A
It affects how the baby grows and develops
5
Q
Why is nutrition important during pregnancy ?
A
Good nutrition helps the baby grow properly and avoid health problems
5
Q
Why are regular checkups important in prenatal care ?
A
To monitor the baby’s growth and catch problems early
6
Q
Give an example of a harmful substance that can affect prenatal development
A
Alcohol, drugs, or tobacco
7
Q
What is genetics in prenatal development ?
A
Traits and risks passed from parents to the baby through genes
7
Q
What does the zygote develop into?
A
A fetus ready to be born
8
Q
What is one benefit of a good diet during pregnancy
A
Supports healthy growth and brain development of the baby
8
Q
Why should harmful substances be avoided during pregnancy
A
They can damage the baby’s health and cause birth defects
8
Q
What is one issue of prenatal care related to stress
A
High stress can negatively affect the baby’s development
9
Q
When does prenatal development occur?
A
Between conception and birth
9
Q
What are the three main phases of prenatal development?
A
Zygote, Embryo, Fetus
10
Q
How long does prenatal development take?
A
About 266 days (around 9 months)
11
Q
What is a zygote?
A
A single cell formed at conception with 46 chromosomes
12
Q
What happens during the embryonic stage?
A
Major organs begin to form
12
Q
define zygote :
A
first couple of weeks after fertilization
13
Q
What is the purpose of the fetal stage?
A
To prepare the baby for life outside the womb
13
What happens during the zygote stage?
The first couple of weeks after fertilization
14
How many chromosomes are in the zygote?
46 chromosomes
14
What happens during the fetal stage?
Growth and finishing development until birth
14
define fetus :
growth and finishing development until birth
15
define embryo :
major organs form
16
How long does the period of the zygote last?
From conception to implantation, about 14 days
16
What is implantation?
When the blastocyst attaches to the uterus wall
16
What is mitosis?
Cell division that produces identical cells
17
what is the timeframe of prenatal development ?
from conception until birth (9 months)
18
What happens to the fertilized ovum (zygote) during this stage?
It divides by mitosis (keeps making more cells)
19
What is cell differentiation?
When cells start to take on different roles
20
What do the inner cells (blastocyst) become?
he embryo
21
What do the outer cells (trophoblast) become?
The support structures, like placenta
21
What are trophoblast cells responsible for?
Forming placenta and other support tissues
22
What is a blastocyst?
A ball of cells that will eventually form the baby
22
TRUE OR FALSE
some zygotes fail to survive this initial phase of prenatal development
TRUE
23
what do the inner cells become ?
embryo
24
When does implantation occur?
Around day 14 after fertilization
25
what is the term used for growth, zygote keeps dividing ?
mitosis
26
what do outer cells become ?
placenta and support tissues
27
define implantation :
10-14 days after conception blastocyst reaches uterus and attaches to wall of uterus and taps into mother’s blood supply
28
When does implantation occur?
Around 10–14 days after fertilization
29
What happens during implantation?
The blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus and connects to the mother’s blood supply
30
Do all zygotes survive the first stage of development?
No, only about half survive
30
Why is connecting to the mother’s blood supply important?
It provides the zygote with oxygen and nutrients
31
Why do many zygotes not make it past implantation?
Because they can’t attach correctly or have severe genetic problem
31
What are two main reasons some zygotes fail?
Failure to attach properly or genetic abnormalities
31
What happens to genetically abnormal zygotes?
They usually stop developing
31
What is the blastocyst?
A ball of cells that will become the embryo and support structures
32
What happens if a zygote attaches to a bad site?
It may not survive or continue developing
33
On which days of the menstrual cycle is a mature ovum released from the ovary?
Between days 9–16
34
How long after ovulation does fertilization usually occur?
Within 24 hours
35
What is formed 36 hours after fertilization?
A 2-cell zygote
35
Where does fertilization usually occur?
In the fallopian tube
36
What is formed 48 hours after fertilization?
A 4-cell zygote
37
What is formed 72 hours after fertilization?
16–32 cells (morula)
37
What forms 4–5 days after fertilization?
A blastocyst with inner cell mass (embryonic disk) and outer trophoblast cells
38
What is the embryonic disk?
The inner cells that will develop into the embryo
39
What are trophoblast cells?
The outer cells that form support structures like the placenta
39
what happens 8–14 days after fertilization?
Implantation in the uterine lining
39
Why is implantation important?
It allows the embryo to receive nutrients and oxygen from the mother
40
What is a zygote?
: A single cell formed when the sperm fertilizes the egg
41
What process helps the zygote divide into multiple cells?
Mitosis
41
What happens if implantation fails?
The zygote will not survive
42
When does the period of the embryo occur?
From the 3rd through the 8th week after conception
42
What is cell differentiation?
When cells turn into specialized cell types
42
What does the ectoderm develop into?
Nervous system, skin, and sensory receptors
43
Which germ layer forms the nervous system?
Ectoderm
43
Which germ layer is the outermost layer?
Ectoderm
44
What does the mesoderm develop into?
Muscles, bones, circulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system
44
Which germ layer is the middle layer?
Mesoderm
45
What does the endoderm develop into?
Digestive system and respiratory system
45
which germ layer is the innermost layer?
Endoderm
46
When does the heart begin to beat?
By the end of the 4th week
46
Why is the embryonic period considered a critical stage?
Because cells are rapidly differentiating into specialized types
47
What is the significance of the environment during the embryonic stage?
It strongly influences how cells differentiate and develop
47
define the ectoderm :
nervous system, skin parts, sensory receptors
48
define the mesoderm :
muscles, bones, circulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system
49
define the endoderm :
digestive system, respiratory
system
49
when does the heart begin to beat ?
heart begins to beat (end of 4th week)
50
What is the amnion?
A fluid-filled sac that cushions the embryo and regulates temperature
50
What does the amnion do?
Protects the baby and keeps temperature steady
50
What is the chorion?
The outer layer that surrounds the amnion and forms the lining of the placenta
51
What does the chorion become?
The lining of the placenta
51
What is the placenta?
An organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and removes waste
51
Why is the placenta essential?
It sustains the embryo/fetus by exchanging oxygen, nutrients, and waste with the mother
52
What is the umbilical cord?
The structure that connects the embryo to the placenta
53
What does the umbilical cord carry?
Oxygen, nutrients, and waste between embryo and placenta
54
what term is used to define a fluid sac that protects baby and keeps the temperature steady
amnion
54
what term is defined by outher layer that helps form the placenta
chorion
55
what term is used to define : supplies oxygen / nutrients to baby
placenta
56
What is the neural tube?
A structure formed when the ectoderm folds into a tube at 3 weeks
56
What does the neural tube become?
The brain and spinal cord
57
At what week does the neural tube form?
3 weeks
57
What happens if the neural tube fails to close at the bottom ?
Spina bifida
58
What happens if the neural tube fails to close at the top?
Anencephaly
58
What is spina bifida?
A defect where the spinal cord does not fully close
58
What is anencephaly?
A defect where the brain does not fully develop
59
failure to seal at top (top open)
Anencephaly
59
failure to seal at bottom (bottom open)
Spina Bifida
60
FILL IN THE BLANK
the outer layer (ectoderm) folds into a tube at ___ weeks
3 weeks
60
what are the two kinds of neural tube defects ?
- Spina Bifida
- Anencephaly
61
What happens to the eyes during month 2 of embryonic development?
Eyes develop corneas and lenses
61
What happens to the ears during month 2?
Ears become well formed
62
When does a rudimentary skeleton start to appear?
In month 2 of embryonic development
62
What happens to the limbs in month 2?
Limbs develop outward
63
What happens to the brain in month 2?
Brain grows and develops
63
When do the first muscular contractions begin?
At month 2, directed by the brain
64
When does sexual development begin?
During month 2
65
What is organogenesis?
The process where all major organs begin to form
65
Around which month does the embryo begin to look more “human”?
By month 2
66
by the end of the period of the embryo, what might we see ?
all of the structures that will be present when the baby is born have already formed, at least in the beginning stages
67
What marks the end of the embryonic period?
All main body structures and organs have begun to form
68
By the end of the embryonic period, what stage are the organs in?
They are present but in the beginning stages (not fully developed yet)
69
What does the embryonic period establish for later development?
The foundation of all major body parts and systems
69
When does the period of the fetus occur?
From the 9th week until birth
70
What happens to the major organ systems during the fetal period?
They begin to function
71
what characterizes growth during the fetal period?
Rapid growth and refinement
72
What happens between body systems in the fetal period?
Coordination between systems develops
73
When can the sex of the fetus be determined by ultrasound?
At the end of the 3rd month
73
What does the embryo look like at around 40 days?
A small cluster of cells beginning to take shape
74
What happens to the embryo at around 45 days?
Organs start forming and limb buds appear
75
By 2 months, how does the embryo look?
Head and limbs become more defined
76
By 4 months, what changes are seen in the fetus?
Clear human shape with hair, eyelids, nails, and active organ systems
76
When does the fetus begin to strongly resemble a baby?
By the 4th month
76
From what week to what week does the fetal period last?
From week 9 to week 38
77
What happens to the baby during the fetal period?
The baby grows bigger and more developed each week
77
When is the baby considered ready for birth?
By 38 weeks
77
What is the main focus of growth during the fetal period?
Increasing size and refining body systems
78
Which months of pregnancy are included in the second trimester?
The 4th, 5th, and 6th months
79
What senses become functional during the second trimester?
Visual and auditory senses
80
What can the baby begin to do with vision in the second trimester?
Detect patterns of light
81
What can the baby begin to do with hearing in the second trimester?
Hear voices and sounds
81
What is the chance of survival outside the womb during the second trimester?
Little to none
82
Why is there little chance of survival outside the womb at this stage?
The baby is not yet ready to live independently outside the womb
83
What is the third trimester also called?
The "finishing" phase
83
What happens during the finishing phase?
Final growth and organ maturity before birth
84
What is the age of viability?
The point when a baby can survive outside the womb with medical help
85
Around what weeks does the age of viability occur?
About 24–26 weeks
86
Why can survival be possible in the third trimester?
Organs, especially the lungs, are developed enough to permit survival if born early
87
What is the third trimester?
The last stage of pregnancy before birth
87
What is the age of viability?
The point when a baby may survive outside the womb if born prematurely
88
At about how many weeks is the age of viability reached?
Around 24 weeks
89
What does 24 weeks mean for survival?
Baby is just barely able to survive with medical help
89
What is vernix?
A white, waxy coating that protects the baby's skin
90
What is lanugo?
A soft fine hair covering the baby’s body
91
At how many weeks do vernix and lanugo typically appear?
Around 36 weeks
92
What happens during the period of the zygote?
Conception to implantation
92
When is the period of the embryo?
3rd week to end of 8th week
93
What happens during the period of the embryo?
Major organs and anatomical structures form
94
When is the period of the fetus?
9th week to birth
94
What happens during the period of the fetus?
Rapid growth and refinement
95
What happens to systems in the fetal period?
Systems become integrated
96
What is the age of viability?
Around 22–28 weeks
97
which period is fertilization ... implantation :
zygote
98
which period is week 3-8 ?
embryo
98
which period is when organs start forming ?
embryo
99
which period is weeks 9 to birth ?
fetus
100
which period is fast growth, when organs start working together ?
fetus
100
when can a baby survive outside a womb ?
around 22 - 28 weeks
101
What is a teratogen?
Anything that can harm a baby’s development
101
What can teratogens cause?
Developmental deviations
102
What are examples of environmental toxins that can act as teratogens?
Radiation, lead, mercury
103
What are some maternal characteristics that can act as teratogens?
Age, stress level, emotional state, drugs mother takes
103
How can diseases and disorders of the mother act as teratogens?
They may be passed on to the baby
103
What types of drugs can be teratogens?
Legal and illegal drugs
104
What are teratogens?
Harmful agents that can cause damage to a baby
104
When do teratogens cause the most damage?
During the critical period when an organ is forming
104
What is a critical period?
The time when a body part is forming
105
Why does each organ have a different critical period?
Because each organ has its own rate of developing
105
which weeks do fertilized egg grow and implants ?
weeks 1 - 2
105
which weeks do baby grows and system mature ?
weeks 9 - to birth
105
which weeks do organs and body parts form (heart, limbs, and brain) ?
weeks 3 - 8
106
what point of the fertilization process is the biggest chance of birth defects ?
early
107
what point of fertilization process is mostly minor of functional issues ?
later
107
What type of problems usually occur later in development?
Mostly minor or functional issues
108
What does the chart highlight about organs?
Each organ has a critical period when it’s most vulnerable to teratogens
108
What happens if exposure to teratogens occurs while an organ is developing?
It may cause birth defects
109
What does the blue section of the chart represent?
Major structural abnormalities
110
What does the yellow section of the chart represent?
Physiological defects and minor structural abnormalities
110
Can the same outcome be caused by different teratogens?
Yes, different harmful agents can cause the same defects
111
Can one teratogen cause different effects?
Yes, one teratogen can lead to a variety of defects
111
How does dose and duration of teratogen exposure affect development?
Longer exposure or higher dose = stronger effect
112
Are all embryos/fetuses affected the same way by teratogens?
No, they react differently depending on genetics and environment
112
where might we find lead ?
paint
112
where might we find mercury ?
fish and thermometer
113
where might we find radiation ?
x-ray
113
What are the effects of lead exposure during pregnancy?
Miscarriage and mental impairment
114
What condition is linked to mercury exposure?
Cerebral Palsy
114
What can radiation exposure cause during pregnancy?
Miscarriage, stillbirth, microencephaly, stunted growth
114
What are some other environmental toxins that can affect development?
Pesticides, food additives, zinc, PCBs
114
TRUE OR FALSE
the age of the father is relevant also ?
TRUE
114
TRUE OR FALSE
there is a risk of premature birth among older women ?
TRUE
114
ow does maternal age affect pregnancy outcomes?
Increases risk of genetic abnormalities
114
What risks are higher in older mothers?
Premature birth and genetic issues
114
What risks are linked to stress during pregnancy?
Oxygen deprivation, premature and difficult births
114
How can nutrition affect pregnancy outcomes?
Poor nutrition can cause low birth weight and increased infant mortality
114
What supplement is often recommended to support healthy development?
Folic acid
114
Why is nutrition essential during prenatal development?
Supports brain development and overall growth
115
What processes require large amounts of metabolic energy?
Synapse formation and myelination
115
How many extra calories should a pregnant person consume daily?
About 300 calories
115
When is nutrition most critical during pregnancy?
After the first 3–4 months, during rapid prenatal growth
115
What does myelination refer to?
Formation of fatty sheaths around nerve cells to improve connections
115
what does the brain need for growth ?
needs energy for making connections (synapses) and myelin (nerve coating)
115
how many calories should a pregnant women eat daily ?
300 extra calories
115
what is most important after the first 3-4 months of pregnancy ?
good nutrition
116
What is one effect of poor prenatal nutrition on intelligence?
Lower IQ test scores
117
How can poor nutrition affect school performance?
Leads to poorer academic performance
118
How does lack of nutrition affect language development?
Causes slower language development
119
What motor skill issue can result from poor nutrition?
Poor fine motor skills
120
What behavioral outcome is linked to poor prenatal nutrition?
Behavioral problems
120
When did maternal malnutrition cause the highest infant death rates?
During the third trimester (around 30 per 1,000)
121
What was the effect of malnutrition during the first trimester?
About 5 deaths per 1,000
122
What was the effect of malnutrition during the first two trimesters combined?
about 15 deaths per 1,000
123
How did malnutrition before conception affect infant deaths?
About 7 deaths per 1,000 (still increased risk)
124
What overall conclusion can be drawn about nutrition in pregnancy?
Good nutrition in all trimesters is critical for infant survival
125
what is another name for german measles ?
rubella
126
what is rubella ?
virus that can harm a baby's eyes, heart, and brain
127
what is syphilis ?
sexually spread bacteria that can cause serious birth defects
128
what is aids ?
illness from HIV virus that weakens the immune system
129
What maternal disease can harm the baby’s eyes, ears, heart, and brain?
rubella
130
What are the effects of Rubella on the baby?
Deafness, blindness, cognitive problems, cardiac disorders, death
130
What sexually spread bacterial infection can cause serious birth defects?
syphilis
131
What are the effects of Syphilis on the baby?
Blindness, cognitive problems, physical abnormalities
132
What illness from HIV weakens the immune system?
AIDS
133
What are the effects of AIDS on the baby ?
Neurological impairments, microcephaly, defects in physical and mental development, death
134
what is the overall risk if the mother has these infections during pregnancy?
The baby can develop serious health problems or even die
135
what can alcohol cause ?
can cause birth defects and growth/brain problems
135
TRUE OR FALSE ...
if the mother of the baby has either rubella, syphilis or aids, these infections during pregnancy, can cause the baby to develop serious health problems or even die
TRUE
136
what does nicotine do ?
harms growth, can cause low birth weight
137
what can illegal drugs do ?
may lead to serious birth defects and withdrawal symptoms in newborns
137
What are prescription and nonprescription drugs in prenatal development?
Any drug, even medication, can affect the baby
138
What are psychoactive drugs?
Drugs that change people’s mood or behavior
139
How can alcohol affect prenatal development?
Can cause birth defects, growth problems, and brain problems
140
How can nicotine affect prenatal development?
Harms growth, can cause low birth weight
141
How can illegal drugs affect prenatal development?
may cause serious birth defects and withdrawal symptoms in newborns
142
What is DES ?
A drug once given to prevent miscarriage
143
what what DES eventually linked to cause ?
later linked to reproduction problems and cancer
144
What does high-dose Aspirin cause?
Blood disorders
145
What can high doses of Caffeine cause during pregnancy?
Preterm delivery and low birth weight
146
what does Thalidomide cause?
Missing limbs and severe physical abnormalities
147
what in high doses may lead to early birth or low birth weight ?
caffeine
148
what was later known to cause reproductive problems and cancer ?
DES
149
what in high doses can cause blood disorders ?
aspirin
150
in the united states, what was never approved by the FDA ?
Thalidomide
151
How does alcohol affect oxygen for the baby?
Causes oxygen deprivation (takes oxygen away from supply)
151
what was one of the reasons Thalidomide was asministered to mothers ?
to prevent morning sickness
151
What does alcohol pass through easily?
The placenta (goes directly to the baby)
152
What risks are linked to alcohol use in pregnancy?
Stillbirth, miscarriage, premature birth, mental delays
153
How can father’s alcohol abuse affect the baby?
Can cause genetic damage leading to birth defects
154
TRUE OR FALSE
Alcohol cannot pass the placenta
FALSE
alcohol can pass the placenta
155
what are some risks that alcohol may cause ?
- still birth
- miscarriage
- premature birth
- mental delays
156
what is a stillbirth ?
A stillbirth is when a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy (before birth).
157
whats the difference between miscarriage and still birth ?
miscarriage happens earlier
158
what two words are defined by the following :
Both mean the baby does not survive, but the timing separates them
miscarriage and stillbirth
159
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
A condition caused by heavy (binge) drinking during pregnancy
159
What are the key features of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
- Growth delays
- distinct facial abnormalities
- CNS impairments
- cognitive problems
- behavioural problems.
160
What facial features are common in FAS?
- Short nose
- flat face
- thin upper lip
161
What long-term issues are associated with FAS?
- learning and behaviour difficulties
- poor social skills
- CNS impairment
161
what would be worse, a lot of alchohol in a short period of time OR less amounts of alcohol but across a longer amount of time?
binge drinking (a lot of alchohol in a short period of time)
162
what causes FAS ?
- growth delays
- distinct facial abnormalities
- brain and nervouse system problems
- learning and behaviour difficulties
163
does FAS cause short-term or long-term delays ?
long-term
164
what might the following be symptoms of ?
- short nose
- flat face
- thin lips
- CNS
- poor social skills
FAS
164
What are risks of smoking/nicotine during pregnancy?
- miscarriage
- stillbirth
- premature birth
- low birthweight
165
What illnesses can smoking cause in babies?
- Pneumonia
- bronchitis
- laryngitis
- inner ear infections
166
What developmental issues can smoking cause?
Respiratory problems, possible intellectual/behavioural problems
167
What happens when smoking is combined with drinking?
Higher risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
168
can the father’s smoking affect the baby?
Yes, through sperm damage and second-hand smoke
169
TRUE OR FALSE
father's smoking can also add a risk ?
TRUE
170
what might increase the risk of SIDS ?
smoking + drinking
170
What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
The sudden, unexplained death of a baby under 1 year old, usually during sleep
171
what can cause the following in fetus' :
- babies can have breathing problems or more infections (pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.)
- learning and behavioural problems
smoking/nicotine problems
171
TRUE OR FALSE
nicotine/smoking can cause blood vessels to constrict
TRUE
171
what might cause a big deprivation in oxygen for the fetus ?
nicotine/smoking
172
FILL IN THE BLANK
per every secret = __ mins of oxygen
20
173
What effects can cocaine have on a baby?
Withdrawal symptoms, premature birth, low birth weight, attentional and motor problems
174
What effects can heroin have on a baby?
Withdrawal symptoms, infant death risk, low birth weight, attentional and behavioural problems
175
What effects can marijuana have on a baby?
- Increased tremors
- poor verbal
- memory development.
175
Can babies be born addicted to drugs?
Yes, babies exposed to cocaine or heroin in the womb can be born with withdrawal symptoms
176
How do drugs like cocaine and heroin reach the baby?
They pass through the placenta to the fetus
177
Which drug is linked with infant mortality (death) ?
Heroin
178
Which drug is most linked with poor memory and verbal development?
Marijuana
179
TRUE OR FALSE
all the side effects between heroin, cocaine and marijuana are all correlations that seem to be patterns and associations... however nothing is detailed enough to confirm
TRUE
179
Which two drugs cause similar withdrawal symptoms in babies?
Cocaine and heroin.
180
TRUE OR FALSE
babies can be born with cocaine addictions
TRUE
180
YES OR NO
does cocaine pass through the placenta towards the fetus ?
YES
181
YES OR NO
does heroin pass through the placenta towards the fetus ?
YES
181
TRUE OR FALSE
babies can be born with heroine addictions
TRUE
182
TRUE OR FALSE
babies can be born with majuana addictions
Not in the same way as with cocaine or heroin
👉 Cocaine and heroin are addictive drugs that can cause physical dependence in babies before birth. When they’re born, the babies can go through withdrawal symptoms (shaking, crying, trouble feeding, etc.).
👉 Marijuana does not cause this type of physical addiction in babies. However, prenatal exposure can still lead to developmental issues (like tremors, poor memory, and learning problems), but not withdrawal at birth.
183
what drug is responsible for : increased tremors, poor verbal and memory development?
Marijuana
184
what drug is responsible for : withdrawal symptoms, infant mortality, low birth weight, attentional problems, behavioural problems
heroin
185
what drug is responsible for : withdrawal symptoms, premature births, low birth weight, attentional problems, motor problems
cocaine
186
why is susceptibility an issue when studying teratogens?
Different people react differently to the same exposure
186
What are critical/sensitive periods in teratogen study?
Effects may only show up during certain times of development
187
Why is accessibility a challenge in teratogen research?
Not everyone has the same exposure, and it’s hard to track risk accurately
187
What is the issue with relation between dosage and outcome?
Same dose can cause different effects in different people
188
Why is there no uniform response to teratogens?
Symptoms can range widely; not all exposed babies show the same problems
189
What are sleeper effects in teratogen research?
Some effects don’t show up until later in childhood or adulthood
189
Why do correlated variables make teratogen study hard?
People exposed to one risk are often exposed to others (e.g., smoking + drinking)
190
Why is there a lack of valid information about teratogens?
Mothers may forget, not know, or be embarrassed to report exposures
191
What makes complex interactions difficult to study in teratogens?
Multiple factors interact, making it hard to separate causes
192
Why are teratogens so dijcult to study?
- different people react differently
- timing matters : harm depends on when exposure happens
- hard to measure real/honest exposure and the dose
- effects may show up much later
193
YES OR NO
can we do tests on teratogens?
NO
194
why cant we do tests on teratogens ?
not ethical and hard to create more valid test results
195
define susceptibility :
every individual does not show the same vulnerability as the other
196
define critical/sensitive periods :
sometimes affects are only seen during a specific time period
197
define accessibility :
not everyone has the same potential to exposure based on cultures, quality of life, etc.
198
define relation between dosage and outcome :
how much exposure (sometimes) plays a role in the severity ... frequency vs amount
199
whats a good example of relation between dosage and outcome ?
alcohol
199
define no uniform response :
range of symptoms, but may not have every symptom
199
define sleeper eIects :
doesn't show itself right away ... could be much later in adulthood
200
correlated variables :
ex. someone more likely to smoke during pregancy is more likely to drink during pregancy
200
define lack of valid information :
- harder to get precise info/details
- not always truthful (embarrassed)
- may not remember
201
define complex interactions :
ex. alcohol + smoking = higher likelihood of specifics
202
What does APGAR stand for?
- Appearance (color)
- Pulse (heart rate)
- Grimace (reflex)
- Activity (muscle tone)
- Respiration (breathing)
202
How is the APGAR test scored?
Each category is scored 0–2, total out of 10
203
What does a total APGAR score of 7–10 mean?
Baby is in good/healthy physical condition
204
What does a total APGAR score of 4–6 mean?
baby may need medical help
205
What does a total APGAR score of 0–3 mean?
Critical condition, baby needs urgent attention
206
What does a score of 0 in body color mean?
Baby is blue and pale
206
What does a score of 2 in respiratory effort mean?
Good breathing with normal crying
207
What does a score of 2 in heart rate mean?
Fast, 100–140 beats per minute
208
What does a score of 2 in muscle tone mean?
Strong, active motion
209
What does a score of 2 in reflex irritability mean?
Coughing, sneezing, and crying
210
FILL IN THE BLANK
higher score = _____ condition
better
211
How many items does the NBAS measure?
27 items
211
What is the NBAS?
A test that checks how newborns react to light, sound, touch, and people (done a few days after birth)
212
What does a low NBAS score suggest?
Possible brain or developmental problems
213
What does the NBAS measure?
- Habituation: How the baby calms after repeated stimulation.
- Orientation: How well the baby follows sights/sounds.
- Motor/reflexes: Movement and muscle control.
- State regulation: How easily the baby soothes, stays alert, or gets upset.
214
Give an example of an NBAS item for motor activity.
Muscle tone, reflexes, or general movement
215
What does “cuddliness” measure in the NBAS?
How the baby responds to being cuddled
215
Give an example of an NBAS item for orientation :
Following a rattle, bell, or examiner’s face/voice
216
What does “consolability” measure in the NBAS?
How easily the baby can be calmed by others
216
What does “irritability during examination” mean in the NBAS?
How fussy or upset the baby gets when examined
217
what does the NBAS stand for :
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale
218
when is the NBAS given for the first time ?
given a few days after birth (3-5 days old)
219
what does a low NBAS score indicate ?
potential problems / brain problems
220
when is the APGAR given ?
Right after birth (at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes)
221
what is the purpse of the APGAR ?
A quick check of the newborn’s physical condition
222
what is the purpse of the NBAS ?
A more detailed test of the newborn’s behavior and development
223
what is a simple difference bwteen the APGAR scale and the NBAS ?
- APGAR = quick check of survival and physical condition at birth
- NBAS = detailed check of behavior, reflexes, and development a few days later
Child Development 2040
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