Child Development 2040 > Lesson #7 (b) > Flashcards

Lesson #7 (b) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Intelligence Scales for infants?

A

ests used to measure early cognitive development in babies

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2
Q

What are the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A

A common test that measures infants’ sensory, motor, and cognitive development

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3
Q

What are the Uzgiris-Hunt Ordinal Scales?

A

Infant intelligence tests based on Piaget-style tasks of early reasoning and problem solving

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4
Q

What does “low predictive validity” mean for infant intelligence tests?

A

Infant test scores do NOT strongly predict later childhood or adult IQ

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5
Q

How well do Bayley scores at age 1 predict later IQ?

A

Almost no correlation

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6
Q

What is the approximate correlation between Bayley scores and later IQ at age 3?

A

Around 0.4 (moderate)

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7
Q

Does the correlation between Bayley scores and later IQ get stronger or weaker with age?

A

It gets stronger as age increases

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8
Q

Do early infant tests or later childhood tests predict IQ better?

A

Later childhood tests predict IQ much better

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9
Q

What is intelligence?

A

A broad idea—intelligence can mean many things depending on the theory

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10
Q

What does Piaget mean by adaptive thinking?

A

Being able to adjust to your environment

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11
Q

What is verbal ability?

A

Understanding and using language

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12
Q

What does the psychometric approach focus on?

A

Measuring intelligence as traits that differ between people

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13
Q

What is social competence?

A

Handling social situations well

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14
Q

What is problem-solving ability?

A

Figuring out solutions

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15
Q

What does this approach assume about people?

A

Some people perform better than others on cognitive tasks

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16
Q

What big question does the psychometric approach ask?

A

Is intelligence one single ability or many separate abilities?

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17
Q

Why was the test created?

A

To identify children who needed extra help in school

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18
Q

What is the goal of psychometric testing?

A

To identify the traits or abilities that make people’s scores different

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19
Q

What did Binet & Simon create?

A

The first intelligence test for children

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20
Q

What factors contribute to the Flynn Effect (rising IQ scores over generations)?

A

Better education, more access to information, and improved environments / resources

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21
Q

What is mental age (MA)?

A

The age level at which a child is performing mentally

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22
Q

What does the Binet-Simon test measure?

A

Skills needed for school: attention, perception, memory, numerical reasoning, verbal comprehension

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23
Q

What is the average IQ score?

A

100

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24
Q

How is mental age used?

A

To compare a child’s performance to typical children of different agesTo compare a child’s performance to typical children of different ages

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25
What does IQ stand for?
Intelligence Quotient
26
What is the formula for IQ?
IQ = (Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100
27
What does mental age mean?
The age level at which a child is performing
28
What does chronological age mean?
The child’s actual age
29
What percentage of people score within 15 points of 100 (IQ 85–115)?
68%
30
What does the IQ formula show?
How a child’s performance compares to kids their own age
31
Are very low (≤70) and very high (≥130) IQ scores common?
No, both are rare
32
Why are IQ tests re-standardized every few years?
To adjust for the “Flynn Effect” (average scores rising over time)
33
Why isn’t the formula used for adults?
It only works well for young children and becomes inaccurate for adults
34
What shape does IQ distribution follow?
A bell curve (normal distribution)
35
What does “Similarities” test?
Explaining how two things are alike
36
What percentage of people score within 30 points of 100 (IQ 70–130)?
95%
37
What does “General Information” measure?
Basic knowledge
38
What does the “Vocabulary” subtest assess?
Defining words
39
What does “Arithmetic Reasoning” measure?
Solving mental math problems
40
What does “Comprehension” evaluate?
Understanding social rules and situations
41
What does “Digit Span” test?
Repeating numbers in order (tests memory)
42
What is “Picture Completion”?
Finding what’s missing in a picture
43
What does “Picture Arrangement” test?
Putting pictures in logical order to tell a story
44
What does “Object Assembly” assess?
Putting pieces together to form an object (like puzzles)
45
What skill does “Block Design” measure?
Recreating patterns with blocks
46
What does “Digit-Symbol Substitution” measure?
Matching numbers to symbols quickly (processing speed)
47
What is Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory?
A theory that says intelligence has two parts: a general ability (g) and specific abilities (s)
48
What is g (general intelligence)?
Overall mental ability that influences performance on all tasks
49
How do g and s work together?
g affects performance on most tasks; s affects performance on particular types of tasks
50
What is s (specific abilities)?
Skills unique to specific tasks, like vocabulary, math, or spatial skills
51
What is crystallized intelligence?
General knowledge based on past experiences (influenced by culture)
52
What does crystallized intelligence depend on?
Learning, experience, education
53
What is fluid intelligence?
Thinking on-the-fly—quick problem-solving and seeing new patterns
54
Is fluid intelligence dependent on past learning?
No, it’s independent of learning
55
What type of intelligence does the test assess?
fluid intelligence (g factor)
56
What does the Raven Progressive Matrices test measure?
Your ability to spot patterns, relationships, and logical rules
57
Why is Raven Progressive Matrices considered a good test of fluid intelligence?
It doesn’t rely on language or prior knowledge—just pure reasoning
58
What do you do in a Raven Matrices question?
Find the missing pattern that logically completes the set
59
What are the three parts of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?
Analytical, Creative, Practical intelligence
60
What is Analytical Intelligence?
“School-type” intelligence; problem-solving, analyzing information
61
What does Analytical Intelligence help with?
Making sense of problems, breaking things down, academic tasks
62
What is Creative Intelligence?
Ability to come up with new ideas; thinking in flexible, original ways
63
What is Creative Intelligence useful for?
Solving problems in new ways, imagining possibilities, generating ideas
64
What is Practical Intelligence?
“Street smarts”; using skills in real-life situations
65
What does Practical Intelligence help with?
Getting things done, knowing how to handle everyday tasks, adapting to life demands
66
Which type of intelligence is most valued in school?
Analytical
67
Which type helps with creativity and invention?
Creative intelligence
68
Which type helps with real-life success (jobs, routines, problem-solving)?
Practical intelligence
69
What is Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences?
The idea that people have different, separate types of intelligence—not just one single IQ
70
Name the types of intelligences in Gardner’s theory
linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Body-Kinesthetic, Personal
71
What is linguistic intelligence?
Skill with language, reading, writing, speaking
72
What is logical-mathematical intelligence?
Ability to reason, solve problems, and work with numbers
73
What is spatial intelligence?
Ability to visualize and understand space (maps, shapes, designs)
74
What is personal intelligence?
Understanding yourself and others (emotional awareness)
75
Example criteria for the existence of a separate Example criteria for the existence of a separate ‘ ‘intelligence:
- supported by distinct brain area supported by distinct brain area - existence of prodigies existence of prodigies - distinct developmental history
76
What counts as evidence for a separate “intelligence”?
A distinct brain area supports it, prodigies exist, and it has its own developmental path
77
What is body-kinesthetic intelligence?
Using your body well (athletes, dancers, hands-on skills)
78
What is musical intelligence?
Ability with rhythm, sound, and music
79
What happens in the Postconventional stage of drawing?
Drawings improve again with better skill + creativity
80
Distinct types of intelligence:
- Linguistic Linguistic - Logico-Mathematical - Spatial Spatial - Musical Musical -Body-kinesthetic - Personal
81
What is the overall pattern of children's drawing ability?
A U-shaped curve (good → worse → better)
82
What happens in the Preconventional stage of drawing?
Drawings look creative/interesting but are simple
83
What happens in the Conventional stage of drawing?
Drawings get worse—more stiff, less original
84
What are the 3 stages of drawing development?
Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
85
What does “burnout” refer to in prodigies?
When prodigies lose motivation, get overwhelmed, or stop progressing
86
What is a prodigy?
A child who shows expert-level performance without lots of training
87
Do prodigies always stay exceptional into adulthood?
No — some continue, but many burn out or don’t adjust well as adults
88
What does a higher correlation in IQ scores mean?
Stronger similarity in intelligence
89
Which group shows the highest IQ similarity?
Identical twins reared together
90
What does high IQ similarity in identical twins reared apart show?
Genetics plays a major role in intelligence
91
Which group shows moderate IQ similarity?
Fraternal twins reared together
92
Which group shows lower IQ similarity?
Siblings reared together
93
Which group shows the lowest IQ similarity?
Unrelated individuals reared together
94
What overall conclusion does this graph support?
Intelligence is strongly influenced by genetics
95
What does “intervention in deprived environments” mean?
Helping kids who grow up in unstimulating or deprived environments to boost development
96
What are enrichment programs?
Activities or schooling that increase stimulation and learning opportunities
97
How does intervention affect intelligence?
It improves cognitive development when early environments are lacking
98
How do enrichment programs affect IQ?
They can improve cognitive development and raise IQ scores
99
What do studies show about racial differences in intelligence scores?
Differences are observed in research, but interpretation is complex
100
What is the cause of racial differences in intelligence scores?
Cause is unclear; mostly linked to environment, not biology.
101
How can intelligence tests be biased?
tests may favour certain cultural or linguistic backgrounds
102
What IQ score is classified as Intellectual Disability?
IQ below 70
103
What IQ score is considered Gifted?
IQ above 120
104
Why can IQ cut-offs be misleading?
A small difference in score doesn't always reflect a big real-life difference
Child Development 2040
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