Study Guide Leftovers 1

Question 1

What are some of the environmental risk factors that were mentioned with respect to influencing cancer risk?

Answer 1

• smoke
• chemicals
• asbestos
• ionizing radiation
• Agent Orange

Question 2

What are 3 common imaging techniques used to screen for breast cancer?

Answer 2

• mammograms
• breast ultrasound
• breast MRI

Question 3

prostate exam

Answer 3

• DRE

- palpate prostate

Question 4

thyroid exam

Answer 4

palpation

Question 5

Which lymph nodes sites are most commonly palpated?

Answer 5

• cervical
• axillary
• inguinal

Question 6

What types of cancer does a CBC primarily detect?

Answer 6

• bloodborne (leukemia or multiple myeloma)
• lymphomas

***also detects if body is fighting cancer

Question 7

What number on the Gleason scale is problematic?

Answer 7

above 2.5

Question 8

Dysplastic cells with urine cytologicy is often an indication of this

Answer 8

rhabdo

Question 9

metaplasia: how do basal cells (epithelial stem cells) behave?

Answer 9

• switch to making another cell type in response to stress

- reversible, but dysplasia can easily follow

Question 10

Metastasis via bloodstream

Answer 10

hematogenous or vascular

Question 11

How might a biopsy of a basic tumor cause benign mechanical transport?

Answer 11

• lymphatic transport of epithelial cells displaced by biopsy

Question 12

Steps of metastasis

Answer 12

1. spread of tumor within tissue of origin through local invasion
2. spread to micro-vasculature by intravasation
3. circulation through vasculature before being trapped in microvasculature of other organs
4. tumor cells extravasate into other organs to form a secondary tumor

Question 13

What is self-sufficiency of growth?

Answer 13

• ability to self-produce GFs

- no longer require external factors

Question 14

Cell division is normally inhibited at this point in the cell cycle by _____

Answer 14

• G1 checkpoint

- P53

Question 15

How do cancer cells avoid apoptosis?

Answer 15

through suppression of apoptotic factors

Question 16

How does sustained angiogenesis occur with cancer cells?

Answer 16

through GF release